Tcallp Module 2,3,4, & 13 Bsed Sstu - 1102
Tcallp Module 2,3,4, & 13 Bsed Sstu - 1102
-Lewis Caroll
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
It describes the development of an individual from
conception throughout the life-span. As being cited by
Santrock, there are eight(8) stages in the process of
human development while Robert Havighurst only cited
the six(6) stages excluding the pre-natal period.
PRE-NATAL PERIOD
PRE- NATAL PERIOD
• From conception to birth
• Human life begins at the moment of conception.
• It involves tremendous growth- from a single cell to an
organism complete with brain and behavioral capabilities.
• The process of prenatal period of development occurs in three
main stages.
• The fetus at this stage faces the demands of performing the
first basic tasks of struggling through a difficult passage from
the mother’s womb to be born.
• It is also the time of remarkable change that helps set the stage
for future psychological development.
• On this stage, problems or deviations that may suffered by the
unborn-child in the future usually started to occur.
INFANCY
INFANCY
• From birth to 18-24 months old
• During the infancy stage there are four major adjustments
involved; adjustment to temperature changes, to breathing, to
taking nourishments and to elimination.
• “Age of Helplessness”
• A time of extreme dependence to adults.
• Infants are born with certain capabilities already.
• Many psychological activities are just beginning.
• Babies usually display motor movements that are reflexive in
nature.
EARLY CHILDHOOD
EARLY CHILDHOOD
• End of infancy to 5-6 years old (Grade I).
• These are the preschool years or the years before the former
schooling begins.
• On this stage physical growth of children increases but in slow
pace.
• At this stage the brain development continued to make
progress as the brains started growing in size and volume
while changing its structure.
• “Age of Curiosity”
• This period is also characterized by aggression and negatism.
• Young children learn to become more self-sufficient and to
care for themselves, develop school readiness skills and spend
many hours in play with peers.
MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD
MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD
• From 6 to 11 years of age or the elementary school years.
• “Smart Stage” or “Gang Stage”
• Physical growth during the primay school years is slow but
steady.
• The fundamental skills of reading, writing and arithmetic are
mastered.
• The child is formally exposed to the larger world and its culture.
• Achievement becomes a more central theme of the child’s world
and self-control increases.
• The period of late childhood is the period of calm before the
growth spurt of adolescence.
ADOLESCENCE
ADOLESCENCE
• 10-12 years of age ending up to 18-22 years of age.
• “ The start of the Puberty Stage and the Period of
storm and stress”
• This stage involves not only biological changes,but
also, socio-emotional and cognitive changes.
• Begins with rapid physical changes.
• Pursuit of independence and identity are prominent.
• Thought is more logical , abstract and realistic.
• More time is spent outside of the family.
EARLY CHILDHOOD
EARLY ADULTHOOD
• From late teens or early 20s lasting through the 30s.
• The stage where young adults enter a period of adjustments to
new patterns of life and to new social expectations.
• It is the time of establishing personal and economic
independence, selecting a mate, learning to live with someone
in an intimate way, starting a family and rearing children.
• Adults of this stage now establish a new lifestyle, living
independently from their parents and pursuing immediate
goals of their own choice.
• They also started to develop new attitudes, interests, and
values in keeping with their new roles.
• They are also expected to make deeper commitments and
adjustments specifically to their work, spouse and children.
• Prime childbearing time; produces the healthiest babies.
MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
• Extends from 40 to 60 years of age.
• The stage when people begin to realize that the first part of adult
life is over.
• Usually the fullest and the most creative season in the life span.
• It is a time of expanding personal and social involvement and
responsibility.
• Also the time of assisting the next generation in becoming
competent and mature individuals.
• Time of reaching and maintaining satisfaction in a career.
• However, it is also during this time when menopause occurs
among women and climacteric occurs among men.
LATE ADULTHOOD
LATE ADULTHOOD
• 60s and above (Old age)
• “Stage of senescence and age of senility”
• Changes on biological processes happens as these changes are
the natural result and accompaniment of the process of aging.
• Health problems are most prevalent during this stage.
• Response speeds (neural and motor) was starting to decline.
• It is a time for adjustment to decreasing strength and health,
life review, retirement, and adjustment to new social roles.
• Erik Erikson suggests that at this time it is more important to
find meaning and satisfaction in life rather than to become
bitter and disillusioned.
REFERENCES:
BOOKS:
• Corpuz et al. 2015. Child and Adolescent Development: Looking at
Learners at Different Life Stages.
• Aguirre et al. 2008. Introduction to Psychology.
WEBSITES:
• https://www.verywellmind.com/stages-of-prenatal-development-
2795073
• https://www.menneskeverd.no/tema/embryo/human-embryo-at-around-
7-weeks/
• https://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Biology-Advanced-
Concepts/section/17.88/
• https://www.healthbodha.com/family/dictionary-of-my-child/growth-
hormone.html
• https://www.early-childhood-education-degrees.com/what-is-early-
childhood-education/
• http://www.angelfire.com/hi5/1alaman/page6.html
• https://paradigmsanfrancisco.com/knowing-three-stages-
adolescence-might-help-understand-teen/amp/
• https://triggerdirect.com/life-stage-marketing/
• https://www.theactivetimes.com/healthy-living/lifestyle-
wellness/30-habits-positive-people
• https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/stages-of-the-human-life
• https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-
guides/psychology/psychology/developmental-psychology-
age-13-to-56/development-in-late-adulthood
MODULE 3
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE:
1. SIMPLE REFLEXES
• Birth-6 weeks
• Coordination of sensation and action through reflexive behavior.
• Over the first six weeks oflife, these reflexes begin to become
voluntary actions.
2. FIRST HABITS AND PRIMARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS
PHASE
• 6 weeks- 4 months
• Coordination of sensation and two types of schemes: habits
(reflex) and primary circular reactions.
• Primary reaction because the action is focused on the infant’s
body.
• Circular reaction because it is a repetition of an action that
initially occurred by chance.
3. SECONDARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS PHASE
• 4-8 months
• Development of habits.
• Infants become more object-oriented, moving beyond self
preoccupation repeat actions that bring interesting or
pleasurable results.
• This stage is associated primarily with the development of
coordination between vision and prehension
• Three new abilities occur at this stage: intentional grasping
for a desired object, secondary circular reactions and the
differentiations between ends and means.
4. COORDINATION OF REACTIONS STAGE SECONDARY
CIRCULAR
• 8-12 months
• Coordination of vision and touch-hand-eye coordination; of
schemes and intentionality.
• Associated primarily with the development of logic and the
coordination between means and ends.
• This stage also marks the beginning of goal orientation.
5. TERTIARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS, NOVELTY, AND
CURIOSITY
• This stage is associated primarily with the discovery of new
means to meet goals
• Piaget describes the child at this juncture as the “young
scientist”, conducting pseudo-experiments to discover new
methods of meeting challenges.
6. INTERNALIZATON OF SCHEMES
• 18-24 months
• Infants develop the ability to use primitive symbols and form
enduring mental representations.
• Associated primarily with the beginnings of insight, or true
creativity.
LEARNING AND REMEMBERING
• INFATILE AMNESIA, the inability to recall events that
happened when we were very young (Spear, 1979).
• Usually remember little or nothing that has happened to us
before the age of 5.
• Reports of childhood memories usually involve memories of
significant events.
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
• Infants appear to be programmed to tune in to their linguistic
environment with the specific goal of acquiring language.
• We humans seem to progress thrrough the following stages in
producing language Sternberg, 2003)
Cooing
Babbling
One-word utterances
Two-word utterances and telegraphic speech
Basic adult sentence structure