The document provides information about the course IS 328: Geographic Information Systems. It discusses that the course will be taught on Mondays from 2-4 pm in room LRA018 by Dr. H. Mongi and Mr. B. Jungwa. It then provides an introduction to geographic information systems (GIS) and defines GIS as a computer system for capturing, storing, analyzing and representing spatial data. The document discusses the evolution and history of GIS and provides examples of applications of GIS such as mapping, urban planning, transportation and environmental assessment.
The document provides information about the course IS 328: Geographic Information Systems. It discusses that the course will be taught on Mondays from 2-4 pm in room LRA018 by Dr. H. Mongi and Mr. B. Jungwa. It then provides an introduction to geographic information systems (GIS) and defines GIS as a computer system for capturing, storing, analyzing and representing spatial data. The document discusses the evolution and history of GIS and provides examples of applications of GIS such as mapping, urban planning, transportation and environmental assessment.
The document provides information about the course IS 328: Geographic Information Systems. It discusses that the course will be taught on Mondays from 2-4 pm in room LRA018 by Dr. H. Mongi and Mr. B. Jungwa. It then provides an introduction to geographic information systems (GIS) and defines GIS as a computer system for capturing, storing, analyzing and representing spatial data. The document discusses the evolution and history of GIS and provides examples of applications of GIS such as mapping, urban planning, transportation and environmental assessment.
Introduction A new wave of transformation is taking place all around the world. The new technology is constantly evolving that makes people work in more efficient manner. Information that was limited to spreadsheets and databases is being unleashed in new and exciting ways- all using Geography The approach uses Geography to gain new insights and make better and more informed decisions Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is that new wave of technology Intro (cont..) Information has always been the cornerstone of effective decisions. Linking location to information is the process that applies to many aspect of decision making. Spatial information is particularly complex as it requires two descriptors - Where is What To unlock Geography in data used everyday to make decision, the most intuitive way is to view them in intelligent digital maps Geographic Information System (GIS) technology has made map making and analysis much easier and more effective Intro (cont..) GIS represent features on Earth (building, roads, rivers) using a computer. Often, these data are viewed on a map which provides advantage over using spreadsheets and databases A map is a figure, therefore it speaks louder than words Maps define “the power of where” . It provides visualisation of static and dynamic data Defining GIS Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computerised system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyse, manage and represent spatial|geographic data As an Information system(IS), GIS is a system of interrelated components working together to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization As an IS, GIS is made up of five components: hardware, software, data, people and process Defining GIS 1. Hardware: The part of an information system you can touch – the physical components of the technology 2. Software: is a set of GIS instructions that tells the hardware what to do 3. Data: Is the collection of facts with reference frame of the surface or near the surface of the earth 4. People: Interact with the technology (analysts and cartographers) 5. Process: is a series of steps undertaken to achieve spatial data analysis or mapping Defining GIS GIS by itself can have more than one meaning: GISystems, GIStudies or GISciences As GIStudy (Geo-Information Study) can be defined as the systematic study of society‘s use of geographic information, including its institutions, standards, and procedures GIScience (Geo-Information Science) is the scientific field that attempt to integrate different disciplines to studying the methods and techniques for handling spatial information Evolution of GIS Mapping Analysis with Cholera Clusters • The history of GIS all started in 1854 with a birth of spatial analysis. Cholera hit the city of London. British physician John Snow began mapping outbreak locations, roads, property boundaries and water lines. • When he added these features to a map, something interesting happened • He saw that Cholera cases were commonly found along the water line Evolution of GIS
John Snow’s Cholera Map: 1854
Evolution of GIS
Stages of GIS Development
Before 1960: The GIS Dark Ages • Maps were simple. They were used in vehicle routing, new development planning and locating points of interest. But none of this was done on computers. Imagine a world without computer mapping!! • Cartographers and spatial analyst wanted to explore computing options for handling geographic data Evolution of GIS
• GIS was firstly introduced in the early 1960s
• Researchers developed interest in applying computers to produce maps and for analyzing spatial data • Early map producing software (SYMAP) didn’t qualify as GIS because they were designed for map displaying only. • They lack the important GIS functionality of data analysis Evolution of GIS
• In 1970s,the second generation mapping
software fulfilled the second function of GIS that is analysis • But mapping remained to be an important activity of the early software • In the 1980s after the development of Personal Computers (PC), GIS software evolved its analytical capabilities Evolution of GIS
In 1980s to early 1990s GIS matured as a technology
because: • Capability of equipment increased • Cost of storage decreased • Computer power (speed) increased • Graphic user interface (GUIs) made the software easy to use GIS developed beyond its original mapping science to other disciplines Evolution of GIS • In 1990s, the importance of spatial analysis for decision-making was recognized • More satellites were launched into orbit, the data collected from space could be consumed in a GIS • GPS becomes fully Operational and released for civil uses • The integration with the Global Navigation Satellite Systems and satellite technology increase data acquisition capability and producing real time information Application of GIS
1. GIS in Mapping: Mapping is a central
function of GIS, which provides a visual interpretation of data. GIS store data in database and then represent it visually in maps 2. Urban Planning: GIS technology is used to analyze the urban growth and its direction of expansion, and to find suitable sites for further urban development Application of GIS 3. Transportation and Navigation: GIS can be used in managing transportation and logistical problems. It is used in new route planning for railway or a road. It is as well used in Navigation Systems 4. Environmental assessment and Analysis: Assessment of human activities that causes environmental degradation and natural resources destruction. Also used in environmental disaster assessment Application of GIS 5. Agricultural Applications: Used to create more effective and efficient farming techniques. It can also analyse soil data and nutrition level of the crops 6. Natural Resources Management: GIS technology can help manage and maintain water and forest resources. Application of GIS 7. Surveying: Using Satellite Systems data, land survey (i.e measuring the distance and angles between different points on the earth surface) can be easily performed. 8. Geology Applications: Used to study geologic features, analyze soils and assess seismic information, and/or create three dimensional (3D) displays of geographic features. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!!