Bonding

Helium
atom
electron shells
a) Atomic number = number of
Electrons
b) Electrons vary in the amount of

energy they possess, and they occur
at certain energy levels or electron
shells.
c) Electron shells determine how an atom

behaves when it encounters other
atoms
Electrons are placed in shells
according to the Octet Rule:
“The 1st shell can hold up to two

electrons, and each shell
thereafter can hold up to 8
electrons.”
Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so
as to have 8 electrons
C would like to Gain 4 electrons
N would like to Gain 3 electrons
O would like to Gain 2 electrons
Why are electrons
important?
1)Elements have different
electron configurations
 different electron
configurations mean
different levels of bonding
Electron Dot
Structures
Symbols of atoms with dots to represent the
valence-shell electrons:
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
H He:
      
Li Be 
B 
C 
N 
O : F  :Ne :
    
      
Na Mg 
Al 
Si  
P S
 
:Cl  :Ar :
    
Learning Check

A. X would be the electron dot formula for
1) Na 2) K 3) Al

B. X would be the electron dot formula for

1) B 2) C 3) P
CHEMICAL BONDS:
- an attempt to fill electron shells
1. Ionic bonds
2. Covalent bonds
3. Metallic bonds
IONIC BOND
bond formed between
two ions by the
transfer of electrons
Formation of Ions from
Metals
 Ionic compounds result when metals react with
nonmetals
 Metals lose electrons to match the number of valence
electrons of their nearest noble gas
 Positive ions form when the number of electrons are
less than the number of protons
Group 1 metals  ion 1+
Group 2 metals  ion 2+
• Group 13 metals  ion 3+
Some Typical Ions with Positive
Charges (Cations)
Group 1 Group 2 Group 13

H+ Mg2+ Al3+
Li+ Ca2+
Na+ Sr2+
K+ Ba2+
Ions from Non-metal Ions
In ionic compounds, non-metals gain
electrons from metals
Non-metal add electrons to achieve the octet

arrangement
Non-metal ionic charge:

3-, 2-, or 1-
Ionic Bond
• Between atoms of metals and
nonmetals with very different
electronegativity
• Bond formed by transfer of
electrons
• Produce charged ions in all
states.
•
Ionic Bonds: One Big Greedy Thief Dog!
1). Ionic bond – electron from Na is
transferred to Cl, this causes a
charge imbalance in each atom.
The Na becomes (Na+) and the Cl
Ionic bond
Li F
2 2
1 1
Ionic bond
Li F
2 2
1 1
Ionic bond
Li +1
F
-1
2 2
1 1
The attraction between a cation and

an anion.
COVALENT BOND
bond formed by the
sharing of electrons
Covalent Bond
• Between nonmetallic elements of
similar electronegativity.
• Formed by sharing electron
pairs
• Stable non-ionizing particles,
they are not conductors at any
state
Covalent bond
- when two atoms share a pair
of electrons.
P +1 P+1
Covalent bond
when two atoms share a pair
of electrons.
P+1 P+1
It’s like both atoms

have a filled orbital.
Covalent Bond
The sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms.
(or even 2 or 3 pairs of electrons).
H2
Covalent Bond
The sharing of a pair of electrons
between 2 atoms.
Li2
Bonds in all the
polyatomic ions
and diatomics are
all covalent bonds.
Covalent Bond
The sharing of a pair of electron
in a diatomic molecule .
Cl2
a. NONPOLAR
COVALENT BONDS
when electrons are shared
equally
H2 or Cl2
2. Covalent bonds- Two atoms share one or more
pairs of outer-shell electrons.
Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom
Oxygen Molecule (O2)

B. POLAR COVALENT
BONDS
when electrons are shared

but shared unequally
H 2O
Polar Covalent Bonds: Unevenly
matched, but willing to share.
- water is a polar molecule because oxygen is more
electronegative than hydrogen, and therefore
electrons are pulled closer to oxygen.
Common chemicals
H2O2
I2
Chemicals with Ionic
and Covalent Bonds
NaOH
NaClO
METALLIC BOND
bond found in
metals; holds metal
atoms together
very strongly.
Metallic Bond the sharing of valence
electrons by neighboring metal atoms.
Metallic Bond
• Formed between atoms of
metallic elements
• Electron cloud around atoms
• Good conductors at all states,
lustrous, very high melting
points
• Examples; Na, Fe, Al, Au, Co
Metallic Bonds: “Mellow dogs with plenty of
bones to go around.”
Ionic Bond, A Sea of Electrons
Metals Form Alloys
•Metals don’t chemically combine with
metals.
•They form Alloys which is a solution

of a metal in a metal.
Examples are steel, brass, bronze and
pewter.
•Steel Production at a Krupp
Plant
•Based in Germany, the Krupp
Corporation is a leading
manufacturer of iron and steel
in Europe. This Krupp plant
worker makes sure that the
raw materials used to make
steel are added to the process
in the correct quantities and at
the correct times. Extremely
hot temperatures generate the
chemical reactions necessary to
turn crude iron ore into iron,
or with further refinements,
steel.
Bonds give
“Character”
What you are is
what you give!
Chemical Bonds
Strong <----------------> Weak

Characteristics due to
Bonds
• IONIC BOND – tend to be brittle
• COVALENT BOND – hard to
disintegrate
• METALLIC BOND – malleable,
ductile and lustrous
Making and breaking bonds
• We have seen how bonds
are formed (both ionic
and covalent)
• Do you think energy is
needed to break bonds?
• Breaking bonds
requires energy. It is
endothermic.
• Making new bonds

gives out energy. It
is exothermic.
Formula Weights
• Formula weight is the sum of the
atomic masses.
• Example- CO2
• Mass, C + O + O
12.011 + 15.994 + 15.994
43.999
Practice
• Compute the mass of the following compounds
round to nearest tenth & state type of bond:
• NaCl;
• 23 + 35 = 58; Ionic Bond
• C2H6;
• 24 + 6 = 30; Covalent Bond
• Na(CO3)2;
• 23 + 2(12 + 3x16) = 123; Ionic & Covalent

Bonding

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Helium

b) Electrons vary in the amount of

c) Electron shells determine how an atom

“The 1st shell can hold up to two

Group 1 Group 2 Group 13

Non-metal add electrons to achieve the octet

Non-metal ionic charge:

The attraction between a cation and

It’s like both atoms

Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom

Oxygen Molecule (O2)

when electrons are shared

•They form Alloys which is a solution

Strong <----------------> Weak

• Making new bonds

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