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    Abdifatah Muhumed
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    This document defines key research concepts including variables, indicators, and different types of variables. It provides examples of how variables can be categorized as biological, physical, social, or related to habits or events. The document also distinguishes between dependent, independent, confounding, and background variables. It notes that variables can be conceptually or operationally defined, and that indicators operationalize variables by defining them in measurable terms to reduce ambiguity.

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    lec 5 Variables and Indicators

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    This document defines key research concepts including variables, indicators, and different types of variables. It provides examples of how variables can be categorized as biological, physical, social, or related to habits or events. The document also distinguishes between dependent, independent, confounding, and background variables. It notes that variables can be conceptually or operationally defined, and that indicators operationalize variables by defining them in measurable terms to reduce ambiguity.

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    388 views12 pages

    Lec 5 Variables and Indicators

    Uploaded by

    Abdifatah Muhumed
    This document defines key research concepts including variables, indicators, and different types of variables. It provides examples of how variables can be categorized as biological, physical, social, or related to habits or events. The document also distinguishes between dependent, independent, confounding, and background variables. It notes that variables can be conceptually or operationally defined, and that indicators operationalize variables by defining them in measurable terms to reduce ambiguity.

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    of 12

    Lecture 5: Research Variables and Indicators

    Lecturer: Mr. Abdirisak Suleiman Ibrahim


    • Define Variable
    • Types of Variables
    • Example of Variables
    • Variables can be defined into two ways:
    • Indicator
    • Example of Indicator
    Define Variable
    • A VARIABLE is a characteristic of a person, Object or phenomenon
    that can be classified and can take different values.
    • Variables are Characteristics/Attributes that may vary in different
    conditions.
    Variables According To Their Types:
    1. Biological: Age, Sex , Blood Pressure, HB level etc.
    2. Physical: Height, Weight, MUAC.
    3. Social: Education, Marital Status, Occupation, Income etc.
    4. Habits: Smoking, Drinking, Health Care.
    5. Event: Birth Deaths, Hospital Stay
    Variables For Epidemiology Analysis
    1. Dependent Variable: The variable that is used to describe or
    measure the problem under study is called the dependent variable (
    effect, disease, outcome, consequence, result).
    Dependent variables are the variables that are influenced by other
    variables.
    2. Independent Variable: The variable that are used to describe or
    measure the factors that are assumed to cause or at least to influence
    the problem are called the independent variable ( cause, risk factor,
    determinant, input, characteristics) etc.
    Independent variable influence, regulate or cause the dependent
    variable.
    3. Confounding Variable: A variable that is associated with the problem
    and with possible cause of the problem is a potential confounding
    variable.
    The confounding variable may either strengthen or weaken the
    apparent relationship the problem and a possible cause.
    4. Background Variable: The variable that are often related to a
    number of independent variables and influence the problem indirectly
    are called background variables.
    Example of Variables:
    Smoking-------------------------------------------------------Lung Cancer
    (Cause) (Disease)
    Independent Variable Dependent Variable

    Age
    Confounding Variable
    Background Variables: Occupation, Income etc.
    Variables may be defined into two ways:
    1. The conceptually definition states the variable as conceive it-
    meaning.
    2. The operational definition highlights the variable in workable terms.
    Example
    Obesity ( conceptual variable)
    More than 10% increase of normal body weight ( operational variable).
    Definition of Indicators
    • Indicators: are formed by defining and stating variables in operational
    terms- operationalization.
    • An indicator is a tool for measurement.
    Example
    Seriousness of disease condition:
    The indicator usually identified are mild/moderate/severe/very severe
    etc.
    Unless stated these stages are stated, it is open to different
    interpretations.
    The End

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