Learning Competency: Identify Aspects of Culture and Society (Ucsp11/12Dcsic-8)

Learning Competency:
identify aspects of culture

and society
(UCSP11/12DCSIc-8)
Learning Competency: raise
questions toward a holistic
appreciation of cultures and
societies
(UCSP11/12DCSId-9)
ASPECTS OF
CULTURE AND
SOCIETY
(Dynamic, Flexible, & Adaptive;
and Shared & Contested)
Culture and Society
Culture and society are two

different concepts. Each has its

own meaning and function.
Culture
According to Edward B. Tylor, culture is

"that complex whole which encompasses

beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws,
norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and
everything that a person learns and
shares as a member of society."
Culture
Culture also encompasses social
institutions like the family, church,
school, and government.
Our culture defines who we are.
Whatever it is that we do is part of our

culture.
Society
Society can be defined as the interaction among
people where a common culture can be shared.
Society can also refer to people from a
particular place that shares the same culture.

For example, people from Bicol love spicy
food while people from Iloilo are known to
be sweet and caring.
The Relationship of Culture and Society
Culture and society are two closely related


concepts. For culture to exist and to be

developed, it needs human interaction. It
needs people to interact with one another, and
it needs people to practice it continuously.
Without a society practicing their common
culture, the culture may cease to exist.
The Relationship of Culture and Society
A society without culture is like a body


without a soul and vice versa. Culture and

society need each other so they can both
develop and prosper.
In the aspect of music, we can see that
music may change from time to time. The
traditional music during the 1920s was
mostly jazz, ragtime, and Broadway music
while the popular music during the 1970s
was disco music.
Because we are now more inclined to
use computers and tablets especially when
playing games, some children are not able
to play street games anymore. This pushed
some game developers to introduce
Filipino street games as video games.
When it comes to language, we can also
see how culture adapts to changing times.
We have already developed new words
related to the internet like memes,
netizens, vines, and others.
Aspects of Culture: Dynamic, Flexible, and
Adaptive
There are different aspects of culture like
art, music, language, food, daily life,
clothing, and religion to name a few.
These aspects of culture show us that
culture is dynamic, flexible,
and adaptive.
Aspects of Culture: Dynamic, Flexible, and
Adaptive
Culture constantly changes and adapts
to the current state of society. It
continuously restores itself whenever
customs do not fit in the current situation
anymore. It does not remain stagnant.
Aspects of Culture: Shared and
Contested
Culture is learned and acquired through
different interactions with people.

Culture is a shared learning experience.
Because culture constantly changes, we
get to share the learning process with
other people.
If culture is learned and shared, it
is also contested in various ways
and situations. Because of diversity,
culture is subjected to debate and
analysis.
CULTURE AND
SOCIETY
(Learned Through
Socialization/Enculturation and
Transmitted Through
Socialization/Enculturation)
Socialization and Enculturation
Society is different from culture. Within a

society are many diverse cultures. While the
members of society share many of the same
expectations and experiences, the cultural
groups create some that differentiate them
from others in the community.
Socialization
Is the process through which
people learn to understand
societal norms or expectations
and societal values as members
of society.
Enculturation
Is the process by which an
individual adopts the behavior
patterns of the culture he or she
is immersed in.
Agents of Socialization
There are different agents of socialization−the family,
community, mass media, and religion.
Family
The family is the first social group that we
all have. It is considered as the most

important social group that a person has. It
is also the principal agent of socialization.
Community
 School - we become exposed to ideas, values, norms, and
behaviors that may be different from what we learn from our
family.
 Community - we interact who become our peers. Research shows
that since children and teenagers spend most of their time with peers, peer groups
can create youth sub-culture (Mondal, 2015).
 Our peers can also influence us with the different norms,
values, and behaviors that they got from their families.
Mass Media
 One of the biggest influences in our culture is mass
media which come in the form of television, movies,
books, magazines, and social networking sites. Mass
media plays a major role in shaping the culture and
behavior of an individual (Mondal, 2015).
 Both good and bad behaviors can be learned through mass
media. It is important that the youth remain supervised
whenever they are accessing all forms of media.
Religion
Through the family, one is immediately
exposed to the teachings of religion. It

helps shape and equip individuals with
the attitudes and behaviors that are
deemed appropriate.
Learned through Socialization or
Enculturation
Socialization - Allows us to interact with
others and helps us develop the behaviors
that we think are inborn or part of human
nature. It is an essential part of building
our character and preserving, spreading,
and strengthening our culture.
 Enculturation. For example, your friend migrated
to America with her family. You noticed on her
Facebook that after three months of being in
America, she started to act and look differently and
she is using some slang words you only hear
Americans say. This is the process of enculturation.
Your friend is slowly starting to adapt to the
American culture because it is necessary so she
would fit in.
Transmitted through Socialization or
Enculturation
 Culture can also be transmitted from one person to
another, and even from one society to another. One good
example of this is the transmission of a culture of the
Spanish to the Filipinos during the Spanish
colonization. The transfer of Spanish culture to the
Filipinos is done through both socialization and
enculturation. We learned their culture by socializing
with them through the church and the schools they
CULTURE AND
SOCIETY
(Patterned Social Interaction,
Integrated and at Times Unstable,
Requires Language, and Other Forms
of Communication)
Patterned Social Interaction
Socialization helps us acquire
both good and bad parts of our
culture. How do we identify the
good and the bad?
Five patterns of social interaction
1. Exchange
 Exchange or social exchange is the expectation that
whenever we do something good, we will receive
something good in return (Thompson and Hickey, 2005,
p.129). It is the most basic pattern of socialization.
Example: You help your mother wash the dishes so that
she will let you come to your friend's
sleepover.
2. Cooperation
 Cooperation is when people or groups of people work
together to achieve a common goal. Cooperation is
considered to be essential for human survival because,
without cooperation, social life would be unmanageable
(Thompson and Hickey, 2005, p.129).
Example: A husband and a wife should cooperate in raising
their children. Without it, their children will not grow up the way
they want them to.
3. Competition
 Competition may be viewed as the opposite of cooperation.

Instead of working together towards a common goal,
competing individuals or groups battle to achieve the target
that only one can have (Thompson and Hickey, 2005, p.129).
Example: You studied and practiced hard and eventually won.
Even if you had lost, at least you were still able got to enhance your
spelling skills.
4. Conflict
 Conflict arises when people disobey rules, control a
person by force, or hurt other people just to achieve
their goals. However, conflict is not always considered
bad. The existence of a conflict can strengthen the unity
within a group because it is threatened by an external
factor (Thompson and Hickey, 2005, p.129).
Example: You and your sibling fight over the TV almost every night, but
when conflict arises between you and your parents, you and your sibling
team up.
5. Coercion
Coercion happens when there is a use of
threat or force in persuading others. People
usually coerce other people when they cannot
achieve their goals on their own.
Example: You force your brother to do your chores by
threatening him that you will tell your mother that he
failed his exam.
LANGUAGE
Requires Language for Social Interaction
In every interaction, language is the most important tool that is always
used.
 Language is the transporter of a large part of our culture because some
parts of our culture are passed on through our mouths. There are no
written records (Young, 1930).
 We can do social interaction through the use of language.
 Language is not only restricted to verbal language. It is also used in
non-verbal communication or body language during interaction. For

example, our first interaction with a friend is usually with a smile. This
shows that language, whether verbal or non-verbal, can help us learn
and acquire culture.
Integrated and at Times Unstable
 The patterns of social interaction are connected to each other and may
change from time to time. The type of our social interaction may
change. A simple social exchange may lead to cooperation. A small
competition may result in a big conflict.
 Example: You and your sibling fight over little things almost every
day. When you came to school the next day, you saw your sibling being
bullied by his classmates. You immediately came to his aid, supported
each other, and stopped the bullies. This scenario shows that even if
you and your sibling fight almost every day, you will still opt to unite
in times of need.

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Learning Competency:

identify aspects of culture

different concepts. Each has its

"that complex whole which encompasses

Whatever it is that we do is part of our

particular place that shares the same culture.

Culture and society are two closely related

concepts. For culture to exist and to be

A society without culture is like a body

without a soul and vice versa. Culture and

different interactions with people.

Society is different from culture. Within a

all have. It is considered as the most

exposed to the teachings of religion. It

 Competition may be viewed as the opposite of cooperation.

 Language is not only restricted to verbal language. It is also used in

non-verbal communication or body language during interaction. For

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