Mendelian Genetics

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CHR OMOSOME S
P E A
CHARACTE R
D N A
GEN E S
“Pass the Peas
Genetics:
like we use to
say it!”
Mendelian
Inheritance
&
Heredity
Image: Sweet pea flower;

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Giligone; Gregor Mendel, Wiki
So who was Mendel?
 Once upon a time (1860's), in an Austrian monastery,
there lived a monk named Gregor Mendel.
• Mendel spent his spare time breeding pea plants.
 He did this over & over & over again, and noticed patterns to
the inheritance of traits, from one set of pea plants to the
next.
 By carefully analyzing his pea plant numbers, he discovered

three laws of inheritance. The dude
was a
total
 Mendel's Laws are as follows: GENIUS!
1. Law of Dominance
2. Law of Segregation
3. Law of Independent Assortment
 In his work, the words "chromosomes" or "genes" are nowhere to be

found. The role of these things in relation to inheritance & heredity
had not been discovered yet.
 What makes Mendel's contributions so impressive is that he described

the basic patterns of inheritance before the mechanism for inheritance
(namely genes) was even discovered!
Image: Gregor Mendel, Mendel's Principles of Heredity: A Defense
by Bateson, William; Spicoli from Fast Times at Ridgemont High From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
GENETICS
TERMINOLOGY
What is Heredity:?
 Heredity = the passing on of traits from one

generation to the next.
What is a Trait?
A trait is a specific characteristic that is unique.

Traits affect the way we look
Traits affect how our bodies function
Traits are inherited
 Examples are hair color, eye color, handedness, etc.
Traits
 Traits are either Dominant or Recessive.

Dominant Trait
A dominant trait is a trait that is

always expressed, or shown.
 Examples are brown hair, brown
eyes, right handed
Recessive Trait
A recessive trait is a trait that is

covered up or seems to disappear.
 Examples are blonde hair, blue eyes,
left handed
Where Do Traits Come From?
Factors that make up an individual come from both

parents.
The trait information is passed on from generation
to generation in the form of genes.
What are Genes?
A gene is a specific location on a

chromosome that controls a
certain trait.
Where Do Genes Come From?
 An individual needs 2 genes for each trait – one

gene from each parent.
 This gene pair is called an allele.
 One gene comes from the sperm cell (from the
Father)
 One gene comes from the egg cell (from the Mother)
How Do Genes Get Their
Information?
A chromosome is a structure in the cell that

contains the genetic information.
 This information is passed on from one generation
to the next generation.
Gene Representation
How Do We Write Our Genetics?
 The name of the dominant trait determines what letter is used

to represent the gene.
 Use a capital of the first letter of the dominant trait to
represent the dominant gene.
 Use a small version of the first letter of the dominant trait for
the recessive gene.
Example: Right-handedness is the dominant trait so use R for the
dominant gene and use r for the recessive gene for Left-
handedness.
Example 2: Tall is the dominant trait so we use T and we use t for
the recessive gene for Short.
First, a little more genetics terminology.
Then…
Mendel's Laws
1. Law of Dominance
2. Law of Segregation
3. Law of Independent Assortment
Image: Gregor Mendel, Mendel's Principles

of Heredity: A Defense by Bateson, William. From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
1. Mendel’s Law of DOMINANCE
• In a cross of parents that
are pure for contrasting
traits, only one form of the
trait will appear in the next
generation.
• Offspring that are hybrid

for a trait will have only the
dominant trait in the
phenotype.
Image:
Simple Inheritance, complete dominance, From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
2. Mendel’s Law of _SEGREGATION
 Alternative versions of Table showing how
the genes exchange
genes (alleles) result in according to
variations in inherited
segregation or
independent
characteristics. assortment during
meiosis and how this
translates into
Mendel's laws.
 For each character, an
organism inherits 2 alleles
(one from each parent).
 The alleles for each

character segregate
(separate) during gamete
production
 Alleles for a trait are

recombined at fertilization,
becoming genotype for the
traits of the offspring.
Image:
Independent assortment and segregati From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
3. Mendel’s Law of INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT
Diagram of how the
genes exchange
Alleles for different

according to
segregation or
independent
traits are assortment during
meiosis and how this
distributed to sex translates into

Mendel's laws.
cells (& offspring)

independently of one
another.
!Remember…Mendel came up with

this stuff BEFORE we know
about the existence of DNA,
genes, chromosomes.
WOW!
Image:
Independent assortment and segregati From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Mendel’s Laws:
1. Law of Dominance:
- In a cross of parents that are pure for
contrasting traits, only one form of the
trait will appear in the next generation.

- Offspring that are hybrid for a trait will
have only the dominant trait in the phenotype.
2. Law of Segregations:
- During the formation of gametes (eggs or sperm), the two alleles (hereditary units)
responsible for a trait separate from each other.
- Alleles for a trait are then "recombined" at fertilization, producing the genotype for
the traits of the offspring.
3. Law of Independent Assortment:

- Alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells (& offspring) independently of
one another.
Image: Gregor Mendel, Mendel's Principles of

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Heredity: A Defense by Bateson, William
Figuring Out Patterns of Inheritance
A Punnett square is a tool for

diagramming the possible genotypes
of offspring.
Let do a Punnett square for the trait

of bent little finger (dominant
genotype), using letter “B” to
represent alleles:
 DAVID David’s Genotype:

(the BabyDaddy):
- dominant phenotype [bent finger]
- Q: What is David’s gentoype?
 ME (the BabyMama):
- Recessive phenotype [straight finger] Tami’s
- Q: What is my genotype? Genotype:
LEO (the BabyBaby):

- Dominant phenotype [bent finger]
- Q: What is Leo’s genotype?
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Bent Little Finger” (B - ), David & Leo Port
What is Phenotype?
Phenotype is the way that we look or appear.

 Example: brown eyes, blonde hair, tall
What is Genotype?
Genotype: is the genetic make up for a trait.

Example: Homozygous brown; BB = pure brown: (both
genes are the same)
Figuring Out Patterns of Inheritance
A Punnett square is a tool for

diagramming the possible genotypes
of offspring.
Let do a Punnett square for the trait

of bent little finger (dominant
genotype), using letter “B” to
represent alleles:
 DAVID David’s Genotype:

(the BabyDaddy):
- dominant phenotype [bent finger]
- Q: What is David’s gentoype?
 ME (the BabyMama):
- Recessive phenotype [straight finger] Tami’s
- Q: What is my genotype? Genotype:
LEO (the BabyBaby):

- Dominant phenotype [bent finger]
- Q: What is Leo’s genotype?
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Bent Little Finger” (B - ), David & Leo Port
Trait: Handedness Trait: Height
Right-handed Parents Tall Parents
(RR)x(Rr) (Tt)x(Tt)
R R T t
R RR RR T TT Tt
r Rr Rr t tT tt
Results:
Phenotypes: 100% Right handed 75% Tall
25% Short
Genotypes: 50% RR, homozygous right 25% TT, homozygous tall
50% Rr, heterozygous right 50% Tt, heterozygous tall
0% rr, homozygous left 25% tt, homozygous short
Trait: Eyecolor Trait: Handedness
Blue-eyed Pure Right and
Parents (bb)x(bb) Pure Left handed
Parents (RR)x(rr)
b b R R
b bb bb r Rr Rr
b bb bb r Rr Rr
Results:
Phenotypes: 100% Blue-eyed 100% Right-handed
Genotypes: 100% bb, homozygous blue 100% Rr, heterozygous
right-handed

Mendelian Genetics

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4 PICS 1 WORD

Image: Sweet pea flower;

• Mendel spent his spare time breeding pea plants.

 By carefully analyzing his pea plant numbers, he discovered

 In his work, the words "chromosomes" or "genes" are nowhere to be

 What makes Mendel's contributions so impressive is that he described

 Heredity = the passing on of traits from one

A trait is a specific characteristic that is unique.

 Traits are either Dominant or Recessive.

A dominant trait is a trait that is

A recessive trait is a trait that is

Factors that make up an individual come from both

A gene is a specific location on a

 An individual needs 2 genes for each trait – one

A chromosome is a structure in the cell that

 The name of the dominant trait determines what letter is used

3. Law of Independent Assortment

Image: Gregor Mendel, Mendel's Principles

• Offspring that are hybrid

 The alleles for each

 Alleles for a trait are

Alleles for different

distributed to sex translates into

cells (& offspring)

!Remember…Mendel came up with

3. Law of Independent Assortment:

Image: Gregor Mendel, Mendel's Principles of

A Punnett square is a tool for

Let do a Punnett square for the trait

 DAVID David’s Genotype:

LEO (the BabyBaby):

Phenotype is the way that we look or appear.

Genotype: is the genetic make up for a trait.

A Punnett square is a tool for

Let do a Punnett square for the trait

 DAVID David’s Genotype:

LEO (the BabyBaby):

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