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Medical Gas Pipeline Systems
Medical Gas Pipeline Systems
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BeaconMedæs Overview
Medical Gases
C – Support Combustions
A – Asphyxiant
P – Pressure
L – Collect at Low Points
Gas properties & General Safety
Pathology Gases
Name of Cylinder Uses Hazards Precautions
Gases Colour
Hydrogen Red Analytical chemistry P, F, A NO naked light &
sparks.
Nitrogen Grey body, Tissue storage, inert A, P Keep away from oil
black top atms for cell culture. and grease
Acetylene Maroon Flame Photometry P, A, L, F NO naked light and
sparks.
Propane Red (shapes Flame Photometry P, A, L, F NO naked light and
differs from H2) sparks.
Oxygen Black body & Culture studies P, L, C Keep away from oil,
top grease and sparks.
Carbon Grey body & Inert atms for cell P, A, L Keep free from oil and
top growth studies. grease
dioxide
Argon Blue body & top Spectrometry and inert A, P, L Keep free from oil and
atms production grease
Vacuum Systems
Vacuum, Vac
Properties
colourless, odourless, tasteless
slightly heavier than air
liquid oxygen - blue in color, (boiling point:
-183 C)
1 volume liquid O2 = 860 volume of gas
support life & combustion
volume concentration in air: 21 %
Properties of Gases – Oxygen (O2)
General hazards
high concentration vigorously support
combustion
liquid O2 - cryogenic liquid; cold burns
Safety precautions
no smoking/ used of naked flames
tools, parts, clothing must be free from
oil & grease
wear personal protective equipment
(PPE)
Properties of Gases – Nitrous Oxide
Properties
colourless, slightly sweet taste and odour
boiling point: - 88.5 C)
contact with combustible material may cause
fire
General hazards
direct physical contact may cause cold burns
high concentration may cause dizziness,
unconciousness (inadequate oxygen)
reproductive hazards
Properties of Gases – Comp.Air
Properties
colourless gas
support life & combustion
21 % (oxygen) : 79 % (nitrogen)
General hazards
support combustion
compressed gas; exposure to fire may
cause container to rupture/ explode
Medical Gas Safety
Do not use oil or grease as a sealing or lubrication media on any
medical gas system!
– Oxygen + Oil = Fire
– Non-degreased components could be accidentally installed in an oxygen
system
Vacuum Insulated
Storage Vessel
Backup
Manifold
System
An Introduction to Medical Gases
An Introduction
Centralised Oxygento Medical
Supply Gases
System - VIE
VIE Alarm System
Oxygen Supply Sources
Liquid Oxygen Cylinders
– Normally 200 litres capacity
As much useable oxygen as
nearly 25 high pressure gas
cylinders
Can be more cost effective than
cylinders
Evaporation of the oxygen
which is not used can be
wasteful if there is low usage
Not suitable as an emergency
supply
A limitation on the flow
achievable
– Normally around 180 litres/min
Oxygen Supply Sources
Oxygen Supply Sources
Oxygen Supply Sources
Pressure Swing Adsorption
– At high pressure, artificial Zeolite
(molecular seieve) adsorbs nitrogen
and allows oxygen to pass through
– Requires two separate paramagnetic
oxygen monitors
– Reserve supply operates when O2
falls below 94% purity
– Vacuum swing adsorption is a
similar process, whereby
regeneration of the bed is carried
out under a vacuum
Oxygen Supply Sources
High Pressure Cylinders
– Normally two banks of
cylinders
A backup is usually provided if
the automatic manifold is the
primary source of supply
– Normally filled to 137 or 200
bar
– Automatic changeover
between banks can be
achieved by monitoring the
pressure and isolating one
bank with a solenoid operated Note: Medical air cylinders are shown here
valve
Oxygen Supply Sources
Medical Oxygen Hazards
◦ High pressure (up to 200 bar)
◦ Cryogenic liquid (extreme low temperature)
Cold burns
Contact with cryogenic liquid oxygen causes rapid freezing
of skin and tissue
◦ Fire hazard
An increase of ambient oxygen concentration from 21% to
25% doubles the rate of combustion
In a pressurised oxygen enriched atmosphere, materials that
will not burn in air may burn violently
Oils or greases on component surfaces can auto-ignite at
fairly low temperatures
Oxygen leakages increase fire hazards in the hospital
◦ Toxicity
Oxygen Supply Sources
Oxygen
Air
Nitrous Oxide
Medical Oxygen Applications
Patient Ventilation
◦ Mechanical Ventilation
Mechanical ventilation is a method to
mechanically assist or replace
spontaneous breathing when patients
cannot do so on their own. This is
normally done via invasive intubation
with an endotracheal or tracheostomy
tube, through which the gas is directly
delivered. Mechanical ventilation is used
in acute care settings such as in the ICU
for a short period of time during a
serious illness. Ventilators can control
the oxygen concentration of the
delivered gas and are supplied with both
medical oxygen and medical air, typically
at a minimum pressure of 2.7 bar.
Entonox/Equanox Applications
Entonox/Equanox
◦ Usually a mixture of 50% nitrous oxide to 50% oxygen volume by volume
◦ Acts as a potent analgesic (pain relief)
◦ May also be used in Accident and Emergency wards
◦ Typical applications include:
Child birth
Acute trauma
Short term relief in dental work
Fracture manipulation
Joint manipulation
Endoscopy
Venopuncture
Wound and burn dressings, wound debridement and suturing
Entonox/Equanox Applications
Entonox/Equanox Cylinders
◦ Safe Storage and Use
Nitrous oxide begins to separate out from Entonox if the temperature falls
below about -6°C. A homogenous mixture is again obtained when the
temperature is raised to above 10°C and the cylinder agitated. Before use,
to ensure it is properly mixed, cylinders should be stored horizontally for
24 hours at a temperature above 10°C. If this is not practicable, before
use the cylinders must be maintained at a temperature above 10°C for at
least 2 hours and then completely inverted 3 times or placed in warm
water at body temperature for 5 minutes and then completely inverted 3
times.
Medical Air Applications
Medical Air at the Hospital
◦ Can be supplied by:
◦ High pressure gas cylinders
Where consumption is very low
◦ Compressor systems
Requires subsequent purification and
drying to ensure medicinal quality
◦ Synthetic air derived from liquid
sources of oxygen and nitrogen
A very expensive option and not widely
used for this reason
Medical Air Applications Intubation for mechanical
ventilation
Medical Air Uses in the Hospital
◦ Mechanical Ventilation
Where a machine breaths for the patient
◦ Anaesthesia
◦ Drug delivery via nebuliser
◦ Pneumatic operation of ceiling
columns
◦ Ceiling pendant pneumatic brakes
◦ Testing medical devices
◦ Drying of medical devices
Must not be mixed with nitrous
oxide unless oxygen is also added
as the mixture will be hypoxic
<20% O2
Nitrous Oxide Applications
Nitrous Oxide Uses in the Hospital
◦ Provides a background anaesthesia
as an inhalatory anaesthetic which
is usually supplemented with either
a potent volatile or intravenous
anaesthetic
◦ Can reduce normal anaesthetising
dose of other agents required (by
up to half)
Nitrous Oxide Applications
Gas Specificity
◦ User connections are gas specific i.e. it is impossible to
connect the two connectors for different gases together
NIST Connectors
DISS Connectors
Gas Specific Terminal Unit Probes
Many national standards exist
Colour Coding
◦ There are two main colour codes used in the World to
identify medical gas services
NFPA 99 – US standard for medical gases in healthcare
facilities
ISO – adopted throughout all European and ISO standards
Medical Gas Systems General Information
Scroll:
Rotary Vane:
High noise levels
High initial capital cost
One Source of Supply One Source of Supply Systems Design Manifold Backup
Undergoing Inoperable Flow is Enables Maintenance
Maintenance Sustained of Compressor in
(Single Fault
Double Fault Condition
(A Normal Condition) Condition)
+ Risk Assessment to Determine if Local
Backup of Critical Care Areas is Required
MedPlus Medical Air
MedPlus Medical Air
Silencer
Notes:
1. Drains marked * 1 should be fed to an oil/water separator
2. Filters marked * 2 are activated carbon to remove hydrocarbon vapours Shut-off Pressure
3. Dryer control systems may incorporate shuttle valves as shown, or valve safety
may use other suitable arrangements of directional control valves Inlet filter Pressure valve
4. Symbols to BS 2971:1993/ISO 1219-1:1991 Dryer 2 column 2 gauge
Air Pressure
intake Temperature
switch Fusible
switch
Bacteria Dust/Carbon plug
receiver 1
Shut-off Oil Water
filter filter * 2 valve filter separator Compressor 1 Non-return Ball
Aftercooler
Air
Pressure valves
valve
safety Ball valve
valve
Non-return *1 *1 Ball valve
Pressure valve Pressure Flexible
Pressure regulator safety Ball connection Ball
gauge valve valves
Ball valve valves
Ball
Dryer 2 column 1
valve Ball Automatic
Automatic
valve drain
drain
Ball Shut-off 1 *1
Distribution Supply valve valve *
Pressure Ball
System System valve Inlet filter
switch
Air Pressure Pressure
Terminal Silencer intake Temperature safety
Lockable switch
unit switch valve
Ball valve valve Pressure Flow
transducer restrictor Non-return Pressure
Flow Dewpoint Compressor 2 Aftercooler Fusible
Non-return valve gauge
restrictor transducer P plug
valve
D Silencer
Ball valve
receiver 2
Ball Pressure Flexible Ball
Air
valve safety Ball connection valves
Ball Shut-off valve Ball valve
valve valve valves
Ball
Ball valve Automatic
Dryer 1 column 2 drain
valve
Pressure Ball
*1
gauge valves
Bacteria Dust/Carbon Shut-off Oil Water Automatic
filter filter * 2 valve filter separator
drain
Pressure *1
safety
valve Non-return *1 *1
Pressure valve Ball valve
regulator
Ball valve
Dryer 1 column 1
Shut-off
valve
Silencer
Medical Gas System Equipment
MedPlus Medical Air
Quiet running
aftercooler fan
Acoustic
enclosur
e
Patented
screw element
High efficiency
‘eff1’ rated
squirrel cage
induction motors
Air/oil separator
Medical Gas System Equipment
MedPlus Medical Air
Medical Gas System Equipment
Oil and Air Separation
Medical Gas System Equipment
MedPlus Medical Air
Medical Gas System Equipment
MedPlus Medical Air
Elektronikon Settings
– The BeaconMedaes medical air system central controller
overrides the pressure settings on the Elektronikon controller
fitted to the compressor.
– The GA compressors are run via the remote control
connection.
– This enables the BeaconMedaes to determine which
compressor runs next and prevents multiple compressors
starting at the same time.
– Do not attempt to change the settings of the Elektronikon
controller unless you have specific instructions from
BeaconMedaes as to what the settings should be.
Medical Gas System Equipment
MedPlus Medical Air
Differences in Standards
– NFPA 99 clause 5.1.10.10.2 states:
“Piping shall be protected against freezing, corrosion…”
– NFPA 99 clause 5.1.10.10.5 states:
“Buried piping outside of buildings shall be installed below the local
level of frost penetration…”
– HTM 02-01 and ISO 7396-1 allow piping to be run outside the
facility without additional protection being required
– The Eur Ph requirement will not allow condensation to form in a
medical air pipeline local ambient temperature of a 4 bar line is
<-31°C
– NFPA 99 requires pipelines for medical air to be >4 °C
Medical Gas System Equipment
Common Dryer Types
Membrane Dryers
– Allows smaller water
molecules to pass through
thereby drying the air
Normally requires a purge
rate of around 18%
Can suppress dew point by
up to 55°C
– Unlikely to maintain a -46°C
atmospheric dew point
Medical Gas System Equipment
Common Dryer Types
Refrigerant Dryers
– Cools air to remove liquid water
No purge required, but requires
energy to cool the air
Can produce a +3°C pressure dew
point
Equivalent to -20°C atmospheric
dew point when operating at 7 bar
Medical Gas System Equipment
MedPlus Medical Air
Medical Gas System Equipment
MedPlus Medical Air
Medical Gas System Equipment
MedPlus Medical Air
Medical Gas System Equipment
MedPlus Medical Air
MedPlus Medical Air
1 micron PRE-FILTER HIGH EFFICIENCY SFD DRYER ACTIVATED CARBON MEDICAL STERILE
FLOW
X1 XA RAC MS
Medical Gas System Equipment
MedPlus Medical Air
Contaminant Limit
Oil ≤ 0.1 mg/m3
Water ≤ 67 ppm
Carbon Monoxide (CO) ≤ 5 ppm
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) ≤ 500 ppm
Oxides of Nitrogen (NO + NO2) ≤ 2 ppm
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) ≤ 1 ppm
Odour/Taste None
Medical Gas System Equipment
MedPlus Medical Air
Pressure Bacterial
gauge filter
Full flow
Flexible Flexible Flexible Ball Bacterial connection
valve filter Ball
connection connection connection
valve
Interlock Isolator
Ammeter
Alarm Condition
Display
Manual/Auto
Selection Switch
Medical Gas System Equipment
MedPlus Medical Vacuum Systems
Grooves
improve oil
circulation
Solid
aluminium
alloy vanes
Medical Gas System Equipment
MedPlus Medical Vacuum Systems
Delaminates through
of vane against Yellowing due to
expansion chamber adsorbed oil
wall
Failed Composite
Vane (only 2 years
old)
Phenolic Resin
Fibreglass Core Coating
Pressure
regulator
Exhaust
Non-return valve
Tailpipe
Cylinder valve
Cylinder
Figure 7 - Typical Autoamtic Manifold Control System and Emergency Reserve Supply Symbols to BS 2971:1993/ISO 1219-1:1991
(reproduced by kind permission of MEDÆS)
Medical Gas System Equipment
MCS2 Automatic Manifold Control System
Medical Gas System Equipment
Automatic Manifold Alarm Indications
System inlet
Pressure
) Pressure relief valve (2)
switch (6)
Exhaust (Optional) Exhaust
(Silencer (12) Optional) (Silencer (12) Optional)
Flexible Flexible
connection (11) Blower (8) connection (11)
Ball Ball
valve (9) valve (9)
Drain
flask (10)
Medical Gas System Equipment
Anaesthetic Gas Scavenging Systems
System inlet
Filter (3)
Pressure Pressur
gauge (5) Relief inlet (4) gauge (
Pressure
Pressure relief valve (2) Pressure
switch (6) switch (6)
Exhaust
(Optional)
(Silencer (12) Optional)
Non-return Non-return
valve (7) valve (7) Flexible
connection (11) Blower
Ball
valve (9)
Drain
flask (10)
Medical Gas System Equipment
Anaesthetic Gas Scavenging Systems
Larger bore hoses are used for surgical air and vacuum to lower the
resistance to flow in high flow and low pressure applications
respectively
Medical Gas System Equipment
ZSU2 – Area Valve Service Unit
Medical Gas System Equipment
ZSU2 – Area Valve Service Unit
Fire retardant VO
rated, UV stabilised
high impact ABS
‘O’ ring sealed NIST moulded cover
caps only need
tightening by hand
Extruded
aluminium back
box - inherently
corrosion resistant
‘O’ ring sealed NIST
caps only need
tightening by hand
Power on Tamperproof
indication fastener prevents
unauthorised
access
Mute
facility
System
alarm i.e.
line contact
is lost
Test button
tests all LED’s
and audible
signal Fascia with Microban
anti-microbial
protection
MP26 Medical Gas Area Alarm
Primary Purpose
– It is a clinical emergency alarm
– There to prompt clinicians to take action when pressure is too high or
too low
Surface mount
components (as
opposed to through
board) are much smaller
and generate less heat,
increasing life and
reliability
closed
Live(L), Neutral(N)
and Earth( )
Wiring example:
6 gas alarm panel
(oxygen and vacuum
shown only for clarity) POSITIVE
Low/High pressure
C H L C L
PRESSURE SWITCH PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD VACUUM SWITCH PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD
MP26 Medical Gas Area Alarm
Alarm Indication
Normal
Low
High
Pressure
System
Alarm
Medical Gas System Equipment
MP26 Medical Gas Area Alarm
Micro Switch
Line Contact
Monitoring
Resistors
Aluminium and
brass - 100%
corrosion resistant
body
Medical Gas System Equipment
MP26 Medical Gas Area Alarm
Power on
indication
Tamperproof
fastener prevents
Mute
unauthorised
facility
access
System
alarm i.e.
line contact
is lost
Test button
tests all LED’s
and audible
Fascia with
signal
Microban anti-
microbial
protection
Medical Gas System Equipment
MP125 Medical Gas Area Alarm
Backup Engineer
Battery s Mute
Primary Purpose
– It provides operating and emergency operating alarm indications
– There to prompt technical staff to take action when one or more sources
of supply are no longer available
– Some of the conditions that initiate an operating alarm include:
A bank of cylinders is exhausted
A vacuum pump fails
A compressor fail to start
A compressor overheats
There is a malfunction with a supply source
The main supply pressure is outside acceptable limits
Quality of gas is outside tolerance limits
– Oxygen too low in a synthetic air mixer
– Carbon monoxide level is above 5ppm
– Dew point of air is too high
Architectural Systems
Envirom H Sys Bedhead Trunking System
Architectural Systems
Envirom H Sys Bedhead Trunking System
119mm
Integral medical rail
Common Section
Low voltage
Terminal unit CL
cable runs
Extra-low voltage
cable runs
88mm
101mm
Architectural Systems
Envirom H Sys Bedhead Trunking System
‘…but lighting has always been more than just providing for the visual task, it
has to be about the illumination of spaces, enhancing and describing the
architecture and more importantly, it has to be a producer of emotion. Good
lighting will also help promote an air of quality and competence within the
hospital, providing a welcome reassurance for patients and will help a great
number of patients and visitors feel more positive about their experiences
there.’
Architectural Systems
Envirom H Sys Bedhead Trunking System
Luminous efficacy (lumens/Watt) - Amount of light per unit power, with the
maximum possible being 683.
Colour rendering index (Ra) - 100 is the highest - highest is best
Reflectance - % of light reflected from a surface, closely related to the colour
and smoothness of the surface
Isoline - A line which joins points of equal illuminance on a surface
Luminous flux (lm) - Rate of flow of light energy - measured in Lumens this
is how the light output of a source is expressed
Architectural Systems
Envirom H Sys Bedhead Trunking System
Architectural Systems
Envirom H Sys Bedhead Trunking System
Architectural Systems
Envirom H Sys Bedhead Trunking System
Architectural Systems
Envirom H Sys Bedhead Trunking System
Superior aesthetics
Robust sections
Huge services capacity
Choice of laminate finishes
Pre-piped, wired and tested
Integral rail
Architectural Systems
Envirom V Sys Headwall System
200
400
600
800
800 XL
1000 XL
Architectural Systems
Ceiling Pendant Systems
500mm
1000mm
1500mm
Architectural Systems
Ceiling Pendant Systems
Standard Shelf Shelf with Rail Comfort Shelf Extra Wide Shelf
Architectural Systems
Ceiling Pendant Systems
Architectural Systems
Ceiling Pendant Systems
Architectural Systems
Ceiling Pendant Systems
Architectural Systems
Ceiling Pendant Systems
Architectural Systems
Ceiling Pendant Systems
Architectural Systems
Ceiling Pendant Systems
Architectural Systems
Ceiling Pendant Systems
Architectural Systems
Ceiling Pendant Systems
Architectural Systems
Ceiling Pendant Systems
3D Visualisation
– Similar to Designing a New Kitchen
– Extract a List of Materials
– Produces 2D Drawings Too
Architectural Systems
Ceiling Pendant Systems
Architectural Systems
Ceiling Pendant Systems