Fish Culture

*External & Internal Parts of Fish

-Types of Fish Scales
-Parts of Gills
 “Objectives”
1.Fully understand and know the Fish Culture
the Internal and External parts of a fish
2.Know the Internal and External parts of a Fish
3.Know each type of Fish Scales
4.Know the parts of a Fish Gills
5.To be able to answer the guide questions.
 External and Internal
External parts of fish
1.Fins-act as the organ locomotion, they are
made up of rigid rays. Some fins are jointed and
some are separated at the edge. Fishes that have
rays which are bony , stiff , and separated are
called spines, such cases the front portion of the
fish is called Spiny Dorsal and the rear portion is
called Soft Dorsal. There are 6 types of fins and
each one is unique.
a.Dorsal Fin and Ventral-Helps the fish to be
stable while swimming.
b.Caudal Fin(Tail Fin)-This fin is the main one for
propelling.
c.Anal fin -Used for stability.
Pectoral Fin -Used for propelling the side to
side.
5.Adipose fin-Gives stability while swimming.
d.Finlets -are small fins that look like ridges
along the top and bottom of the fish, behind the
dorsal and anal fins.
2.Fish Skin-it is divided into 2 layers the outer
layer(Epidermis) and the Dermis, the Outer layer
is made up of Epithelial cells. these cells are
arranged one above the other. Slime cells are
present in the interspace between the outer
cells. the slime coat, a form of mucus that are
produced by the slime cell that is very important
protective covering. under the Epidermis layer
lies the Dermis layer. This layer is made up of
connective Fibroblasts, collagen, and blood
vessels.
3.Scales-in the pocket of the Dermis lies scales
and it comes out of the connective tissue. The
scales are covered by epithelial layer, they
overlap each other to form a protective elastic
wall which is capable of withstanding blows and
bumping. Scales are two types, one is serrated
and the other is smooth.
4.Pigment Cells-the cells in the Dermis produce
many color patterns in fish.Cells are named after
the pigments deposited in them.Fishes are
gifted to change their color according to the
environment circumstances.when isolated they
absorb more light and becomes darker, when
lightened they go light
5.Gills-The gills are the breathing apparatus of
fish and are highly vascularized, which gives
them their bright red color. An operculum (gill
cover) is a flexible bony plate that protects the
sensitive gills. Water is “inhaled” through the
mouth, passes over the gills and is “exhaled”
from beneath the operculum.
6.Eyes-Fish can detect color. Fish eyes are more
round than in mammals because of the
refractive index of water and focus is achieved
by moving the lens in and out, not distorting it
as in mammals.
7.Nares-Paired nostrils, or nares, in fish are used
to detect odors in water and can be quite
sensitive. Eels and catfish have particularly well
developed senses of smell.
Eyes and Nares
Mouth-The mouth’s shape is a good clue to what fish eat. The
larger it is, the bigger the prey it can consume. Fish have a
sense of taste and may sample items to taste them before
swallowing if they are not obvious prey items. Most
freshwater Florida Fish are omnivorous. Some are primarily
piscivorous, which means eating mostly other fish. The
imported grass carp is one of the few large fish that are
primarily herbivorous. Fish may or may not have teeth,
depending on the species. Fish such as the chain pickerel and
gar have obvious canine-shaped teeth. Other fish have less
obvious teeth, such as the cardiform teeth in catfish, which
feel like a roughened area at the front of the mouth; or
vomerine teeth that are tiny patches of teeth in the roof of a
striped bass' mouth. Grass carp and other minnows have
pharyngeal teeth located in the throat that are modified from
their gill arches for grinding.
Lateral Line-The lateral line is a sensory organ
consisting of fluid filled sacs with hair-like
sensory apparatus that are open to the water
through a series of pores, creating a line along
the side of the fish. The lateral line primarily
senses water currents and pressure and
movement in the water.
Vent-The vent is the external opening to
digestive urinary and reproductive tracts. In
most fish it is immediately in front of the anal
fin.
Mouth and Lateral Line
Short time
Commercial maybe
1 mins
videoplayback.mp4
Internal Parts of a Fish
1.Spine-The primary structural framework, upon
which the fish's body is built, connects to the
skull at the front of the fish and to the tail at the
rear. The spine is made up of
numerous vertebrae, which are hollow and
house and protect the delicate spinal cord.
2. Spinal cord-Connects the brain to the rest of
the body and relays sensory information from
the body to the brain, as well as instructions
from the brain to the rest of the body.
3. Brain-This is the control center of the fish,
where both automatic functions, such as
respiration, and higher behaviors occur. All
sensory information is processed here.
4.Lateral line-One of the fish's primary sense
organs, this detects underwater vibrations and is
capable of determining the direction of their
source.
5.Gills-Allow a fish to breathe underwater. These
are very delicate structures and should not be
touched if the fish is to be released.
6.Swim (or air) bladder-This hollow, gas-filled
balance organ allows a fish to conserve energy
by maintaining neutral buoyancy (suspending) in
water. Fish caught from very deep water
sometimes need to have air released from their
swim bladder before they can be released and
return to deep water, because of the difference
in atmospheric pressure at the water's surface.
Most freshwater anglers in Florida need not
concern themselves with this. Species of fish
that do not possess a swim bladder sink to the
bottom if they stop swimming.
7.Kidney-This filters liquid waste materials from
the blood, and these wastes are then passed out
of the body. The kidney is also extremely
important in regulating water and salt
concentrations within the fish's body, allowing
certain fish species to exist in freshwater or
saltwater, and in some cases both, such as snook
or tarpon.
8.Stomach and intestines-These break down food
and absorb nutrients. Fish such as bass that
are piscivorous have fairly short intestines because
such food is easy to chemically break down and
digest. Fish such as tilapia that are herbivorous
require longer intestines because plant matter is
usually tough and fibrous and more difficult to break
down into usable components.
9.Pyloric caeca-This organ with fingerlike projections
is located near the junction of the stomach and the
intestines. Its function is not entirely understood, but
it is known to secrete enzymes that aid in digestion,
may function to absorb digested food, or do both.
10.Vent-This is the site of waste elimination
from the fish's body. It is also the outlet for eggs
or sperm during spawning.
11.Liver-This important organ has a number of
functions. It assists in digestion by secreting
enzymes that break down fats, and it also serves
as a storage area for fats and carbohydrates. The
liver also is important in the destruction of old
blood cells and in maintaining proper blood
chemistry, as well as playing a role in nitrogen
(waste) excretion.
12.Heart-This circulates blood throughout the body.
Oxygen and digested nutrients are delivered to the cells of
various organs through the blood, and the blood transports
waste products from the cells to the kidneys and liver for
elimination.
13.Gonads (reproductive organs)-In adult female bass, the
bright orange mass of eggs is unmistakable during the
spawning season, but is still usually identifiable at other
times of the year. The male organs, which produce milt for
fertilizing the eggs, are much smaller and white but found
in the same general location. The eggs, or roe, of certain
fish are considered a delicacy, as in the case of caviar from
sturgeon.
14.Muscles-Provide movement and locomotion.
This is the part of the fish that is usually eaten,
and composes the fillet of the fish.
Guide Questions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
 “Types of Fish Scales”
-There are 4 main kinds of fish scales and
variations of each kind
1. Placoid- Placoid scales are found on the
sharks, skates and rays
• 2.Cosmoid-Cosmoid scales are found on the
fishes like lungfishes and some fossil fishes
• 3.Ganoid-Ganoid scales are found on the
fishes like bichirs ,bowfin ,paddlefishes ,gars,
sturgeons
4.Leptoid Scale- also called Cycloid and Ctenoid
are from the bony fishes like catfish , and
salmonids (salmon) etc.
 Trivia for the Fish Scales
Scale-a small rigid plate that grows out of an
animal’s skin to provide protection
-The study of scale is called Squamatology
-Scales provide External protection to its body as
scales are tough and slippery and help fish to
protect from scrapes,parasites and other
external injuries
Guide Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
 Parts of Gills
Gills -in bony fish look similar to a car radiator.
They are made of three parts: the filaments, the
arches, and the rakers. The filaments are where
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
actually takes place. The arches provide
structural support for the gills.
3 main parts

a. Filament-a long chain of proteins, such as those found

in hair, muscle, or flagella. They are often bundled
together for strength and rigidity
Gill Arches-bony or cartilaginous archesin the
throat of fish to which the filaments and rakers
of the gills are attached . Bony fish usually have
4 gill arches
Gill Rakers-in a fish that are bony or cartilaginous
processes that project from the branchial arch(gill
arch) and are involed with suspension feeding tiny
prey.they are not to be confused with gill filaments
that compose the fleshy part of the gill used for gas
exchange .Rakers are usually present in two rows,
projecting from both the anterior and posterior
side of each gill arch. Rakers are widely varied in
number, spacing, and form. By preventing food
particles from exiting the spaces between the gill
arches, they enable the retention of food particles.
Trivia
Why can do animalas like fish and crabs can
breathe underwater but you can’t?? Aquatic
organism have special organ called gills,which
allows them to breath oxygen in the water.
Some gills are even adapted to allow animals to
breathe on land
Guide Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
 Credits:
Editor: Quero Ryu D.
Reporter: Rojo, Merrylin
Tolentino, Rea
Baucan Jeremy
Researcher: