Inferring and Explaining Patterns and Themes From Data: Lesson 2

Lesson 2
INFERRING AND
EXPLAINING PATTERNS
AND THEMES FROM DATA
IDENTIFYING MEANINGFUL PATTERNS AND THEMES
Two primary ways of doing the analysis
Content analysis
Thematic analysis
(Content Analysis)
 Used when qualitative data had been collected through interviews,
focus groups, observation and documentary analyses.
 Used to categorize oral or spoken words, a person’s conduct of

behavior, sorting, grouping, codification and tabulations.
(Content Analysis 2 Levels)
 Basic Level
 a descriptive discussion of what the data is. Simply specifies what
was said and no further explanation or comments on how and why it
is said should be done.
 Higher Level
 a more interpretative analysis that combine the specific responses,
as well as what may have been inferred or implied from the data.
(Content Analysis)
 Content Analysis also involves coding and classifying of data, also
referred to as categorizing or indexing. The aim of content analysis is
to make sense of data and to make inferences about the messages
or findings.
(Steps of Content Analysis – Hsieh and Shannon, 2005)
1. Prepare your data
2. Determine the unit of analysis
3. Develop the categories and coding system
4. Pre-test the coding system
5. Code all textual data
6. Check the validity and reliability of the data
7. Draw inferences
8. Present the results
(Thematic Analysis)
 a form of pattern recognition within the data. It provides a simple
interpretation and concise descriptions of themes and patterns in the
data set.
 involves careful review of the raw data
 identify themes after coding and categorizing the data

(Steps in Thematic Analysis – Braun and Clarke 2006)
 Familiarize yourself with your data.
 Generate initial codes.
 Search for themes.
 Review the themes.
 Define and name the themes.
 Prepare the report.
(Content Analysis VS. Thematic Analysis)
• Content Analysis - how frequently various categories appear and occur; Thematic -
identifying themes and analyzing each theme to build up the whole picture of data.
• Thematic Analysis can be more in-depth and broader in analysis and

understanding.
• Content Analysis - used both in quantitative and qualitative; Thematic Analysis –

mainly in qualitative
• Content Analysis – focused on codes; Thematic - focused on themes

QUESTIONS?
Activity: PAK OR LIGWAK
1. Content analysis is concerned with frequencies while thematic

analysis is concerned with inferences and explanations.
2. Both content and thematic analysis are concerned with themes and
patterns.
3. Content analysis is used for both qualitative and quantitative
research.
4. Thematic analysis is easier to use than content analysis
Lesson 3
RELATING THE RESEARCH
FINDINGS WITH PERTINENT
LITERATURE
DISCUSSIONS OF RESEARCH FINDINGS
(Opportunities)
 The opportunity to highlight and discuss how the findings of your
study have reinforced what has already been done by other student
researchers.
 The opportunity to study carefully how your study reflects or differs
from existing knowledge.
 The opportunity to discuss the contribution of the findings of your
study to the body of existing literature and knowledge.
 The opportunity to explain why you thought it necessary to embark
on the research you have done.
(Illustrative Examples)
 Reference to Pertinent Literature
 There is an existing considerable body of research literature which
revealed that __________.
 Hilario (2010) who conducted a similar research study found that
____.
 Most of the researchers in the field agree that _______.
 Similar studies have shown that _____.
 Most of the recent works about _____ found that _____.
 When Indicating Few or Limited Literature
 Not much research about _____ has been published.
 Related literature on ___ are rare and needs to be explored.
 The limitation of all these interpretations is that _______.
 There is a need to research more about _____.
 The aspect of _______ has not been given much attention in the
research.
 Finally,
No matter how insignificant your work is and no matter how your project
seems similar to other works, you first discuss and explain fully the
results of your findings and how they will contribute to the knowledge
base.
QUESTIONS?
Reference/s
 Prieto, Naval, & Carey.(2017).Chapter 6 Finding Answers

through Data Collection and Analyzing the Meaning of Qualitative
Data.Practical Research for Senior High School 1. Cubao, Quezon
City.LORIMAR PUBLISHING, INC.

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Lesson 2

Two primary ways of doing the analysis

 Used to categorize oral or spoken words, a person’s conduct of

 involves careful review of the raw data

 identify themes after coding and categorizing the data

• Thematic Analysis can be more in-depth and broader in analysis and

• Content Analysis - used both in quantitative and qualitative; Thematic Analysis –

• Content Analysis – focused on codes; Thematic - focused on themes

1. Content analysis is concerned with frequencies while thematic

 Prieto, Naval, & Carey.(2017).Chapter 6 Finding Answers

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