Occupationa Health Hazards

Hazards Recognition, Identification,
Assessment and Control

Industrial Hygiene
• Is a Science and Art devoted to ANTICIPATION,
RECOGNITION, EVALUATION AND CONTROL of
environmental factors and stresses that affects
OSH.
Basic Concepts
• Anticipate- Predict
• Recognize – to identify potential workplace
hazard or stresses
• Evaluate – to determine the magnitude or
level
• Control – to apply corrective measures by
either reducing or eliminating the exposure
Hazards in the Office
Hazard Recognition
1. Conduct a walk through survey to pinpoint
location of existing hazards
2. Determine the process involved
3. Know the raw materials involved used and its
by products
4. Educate the workers
5. Conduct a regular safety inspection
Guide Questions
• 1. What is Produced?
• 2. What raw materials are used?
• 3. What other materials are added in the production stage?
• 4. What other by-products are produced?
• 5. What equipment is involved?
• 6. What is the cycle of production operation?
• 7. What operational procedures be followed?
• 8. What safety and health controls are utilized?
• 9. Who takes responsibilities on the safety and health aspects of the
workers exposed?
• 10. What is the level of exposure to harmful chemicals or physical
agents?
MSDS
• Material Specification and Data Sheet
TLVs – Threshold Limit Values
Time –
• Time- weighted concentrations of airborne contaminants for
an 8-hour workday or 40-hour per week exposure
• Types of TLVs
TLV-TWA - Day-to-day exposure without adverse effects to their health
• TLV-STEL
– Over a 15-minute period
• TLC-C
– Acute effects might be experienced
Considerations
• Nature of the material or energy involved
• Intensity of exposure
• Duration of Exposure
• Individual Susceptibility
Hazard Evaluation
1. Determine the magnitude or level of hazards
with the use of industrial hygiene instruments.
2. Analysis of samples and comparative results
with existing standard.
3. Monitor the work area.
WEM –Work Environment Measurement
1. Determine them magnitude of harmful

environmental agents
2. Predict the harmfulness of new facilities,
processes and methods
3. To monitor worker’s exposure to hazards
4. Evaluate the effectiveness of control
measures
5. Maintain a favorable working condition
Hazards
Control of Hazards
Engineering Controls
• 1. Elimination
– Purchasing fragrance free products
– Using non-chemical means of sterilization (thermal)
• 2. Substitution
– Replacing mercury containing products
– Using Hydrogen peroxide based cleaners rather than chlorine based cleaners
• 3. Local Exhaust Ventilation
– In OR
– In Sterilization Areas
• 4. Isolation/Enclosed Processes
• 5. Proper chemical storage
• 6. Facility design
• Housekeeping and maintenance
• Waste Disposal
• Medical Controls – involves pre-placement,
periodic, routine and secondary monitoring
Administrative Control
• The least effective and hardest to implement
• Why?
Genetic Physical
factors properties
Lifestyle Magnitude of
exposure
Workers’ WORK- Workplace

Age Factors
Susceptibility RELATED Duration of
DISEASE exposure
Timing of
Gender
exposure
Medical Multiplicity of
history exposure
Classification of Health Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Organic Solvents
• Occupational Sources
– Paints
– Varnishes
– Adhesives
– Additive Chemicals
• Exposure
– Inhalation of vapors
– Skin absorption
Organic Solvents:
Health Effects
• Neurotoxic Effects
• Liver Effects
• Respiratory Effects
• Reproductive Effects
• Kidney Effects
Lead
- Welders
- Radiator repairmen
- Solderers
- Shipyard workers
- Garage workers
- Pipe fitters
• Exposure
- inhalation
- ingestion
Lead: Health Effects
Symptoms: Fatigue, difficulty in concentration,

headache
Diseases:
Hypertension
Anemia
Renal dysfunction
Cement
• Fine, grayish green powder produced by heating cement rock or
other lime stone bearing materials
- Construction
- Cement Manufacturing
• Exposure
– Inhalation
– Skin absorption
Cement: Health Effects
• Skin • Respiratory Tract

– Irritation – Irritation
– Small airway
• Eyes disease
– Abrasion – Pneumoconiosis
– Irritation
Physical Hazards
Noise: Health Effects
• Noise-induced hearing loss

(NIHL)
– Irreversible
Vibration: Health Effects
Whole body vibration Segmental vibration

 Spine disorders  Pain, numbness,
 Cardiovascular tingling of hands
disturbance
Health Effects of Heat Stress
Disorders Causes Clinical Features

Heat Stroke Failure of temperature Convulsions, muscle itching,
control center in brain delirium with hot & dry skin,
body temp >410
Heat Exhaustion Physical exertion, loss of Dizziness, blurred vision, cold

water & electrolytes & clammy extremities
Heat Cramps Loss of water & electrolytes Cramps in extremities
Milaria rubra Malfunction of sweat Itchy skin rashes

glands
Biological Hazards
Tetanus
• A neurological disorder characterized by increased

muscle tone and spasms, that is caused by
tetanospasmin, a protein toxin elaborated by the
organism Clostridium tetani.
• It arises from the contamination of wounds with

Clostridium spores.
Tetanus
• Clinical Symptoms
– Increased tone in the masseter
muscle (lockjaw)
– Sustained contraction of the
facial muscles (risus sardonicus)
and back muscles
(opisthotonus)
Tetanus
• Prevention
– Active immunization with tetanus toxoid
– Careful wound management
Ergonomical Hazards
Ergonomics
“Fitting the Job to the Worker”
the task
(job content
& context)
the the
organization tool
the the
environment workstation
Ergonomic Stresses:
Health Effects
• Musculoskeletal Disorders
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Neck-shoulder pain
• Low back pain
Ergonomic Stresses
Posture
• Awkward posture
• Static posture
Forceful Exertion
• Overcome weight,
resistance, inertia
• Lift, Push, Pull, Carry
Ergonomic Stresses
Movement
• Extreme range of motion
– Twisting, bending
• Repetitive
– same motion pattern
– short cycle time
Effective Workplace
Safety & Health Programs
• Can help save the health and lives of workers

by reducing hazards and their consequences
• Have positive effects on both workers morale
and productivity
• Saves money
Rule 1960:
Occupational Health Services
1963: Emergency Health Services
1963.01: Medicines and Facilities (Table 47)
1963.02: Emergency Medical and Dental Services

Standards, Policies and Guidelines
• Occupational Safety and Health Standards

– Rule 1960
• Occupational Health Services
 Department Order No. 13

Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety
and Health in the Construction Industry
– Section 8
 Emergency Occupational Health Personnel and
Facilities
DO 13: Section 8
Emergency Occupational Health Personnel and Facilities
Number of OH Physician OH Dentist OH Nurse First Aider

workers
1 – 50 1 Full time
51 - 200 1Full time
201 – 300 1 Part time 1 Part time 1 Full time
> 300 1 Full Time 1 Full time 1 Full time
Emergency Hospital: 1 bed in excess of 300 workers

Additional bed for every 100 workers in excess of 300
Workers’ Welfare Facilities
• Adequate supply of safe drinking water

• Adequate sanitary and washing facilities
• Suitable living accommodation
• Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping
facilities for men and women workers.
DOLE
Department Order 53-03
Guidelines for the Implementation of a

Drug-Free Workplace Policies and
Programs for the Private Sector
DOLE
Guidelines for the Implementation of Policy

and Program on TB Prevention and Control
in the Workplace
• Pursuant to Executive Order No. 187
“Instituting a Comprehensive and Unified Policy for the TB Control in the
Philippines”
DOLE
Guidelines for the Implementation of HIV

and AIDS Prevention and Control in the
Workplace Program
REPUBLIC ACT 9211
Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003
Section 6. Designated Smoking And Non-Smoking Areas
– All designated smoking areas shall have at least one (1)

legible and visible sign posted, namely "SMOKING AREA"
for the information and guidance of all concerned. In
addition, the sign or note posted shall include a warning
about the health effects of direct or secondhand
exposure to tobacco smoke. Non-smoking areas shall
likewise have at least one (1) legible and visible sign,
namely: "NO SMOKING AREA" or "NO SMOKING".
• Health hazards have particular
health effects to the body.
• Company policies and programs are

important to protect and monitor
workers’ health.
Thank You.

Occupationa Health Hazards

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Hazards Recognition, Identification,

Assessment and Control

1. Determine them magnitude of harmful

Workers’ WORK- Workplace

Symptoms: Fatigue, difficulty in concentration,

• Skin • Respiratory Tract

• Noise-induced hearing loss

Whole body vibration Segmental vibration

Disorders Causes Clinical Features

Heat Exhaustion Physical exertion, loss of Dizziness, blurred vision, cold

Heat Cramps Loss of water & electrolytes Cramps in extremities

Milaria rubra Malfunction of sweat Itchy skin rashes

• A neurological disorder characterized by increased

• It arises from the contamination of wounds with

• Can help save the health and lives of workers

1963: Emergency Health Services

1963.01: Medicines and Facilities (Table 47)

1963.02: Emergency Medical and Dental Services

• Occupational Safety and Health Standards

 Department Order No. 13

Number of OH Physician OH Dentist OH Nurse First Aider

Emergency Hospital: 1 bed in excess of 300 workers

• Adequate supply of safe drinking water

Guidelines for the Implementation of a

Guidelines for the Implementation of Policy

Guidelines for the Implementation of HIV

– All designated smoking areas shall have at least one (1)

• Company policies and programs are

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