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    Ecology is defined as the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. It can be approached through descriptive, functional, and evolutionary perspectives. The basic problems of ecology are determining the causes of distribution and abundance of organisms. Ecology studies these at both the population level of single species and community level of multiple species. It examines organisms across different levels of integration from molecules to landscapes. Approaches include theoretical, laboratory, and field methods. Ecology also studies the relationships between evolution and ecological interactions between organisms and their environments.

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    Ecology is defined as the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. It can be approached through descriptive, functional, and evolutionary perspectives. The basic problems of ecology are determining the causes of distribution and abundance of organisms. Ecology studies these at both the population level of single species and community level of multiple species. It examines organisms across different levels of integration from molecules to landscapes. Approaches include theoretical, laboratory, and field methods. Ecology also studies the relationships between evolution and ecological interactions between organisms and their environments.

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    116 views13 pages

    1-What Is Ecology

    Uploaded by

    Mahatma Narendraniti
    Ecology is defined as the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. It can be approached through descriptive, functional, and evolutionary perspectives. The basic problems of ecology are determining the causes of distribution and abundance of organisms. Ecology studies these at both the population level of single species and community level of multiple species. It examines organisms across different levels of integration from molecules to landscapes. Approaches include theoretical, laboratory, and field methods. Ecology also studies the relationships between evolution and ecological interactions between organisms and their environments.

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    of 13

    What is Ecology

    Dr. Mochamad Hadi, M.Si

    Laboratory of Ecology and Biosystematic


    Introduction to the Science of Ecology

     Definition of ecology
     Total relations of the animal to both its organic and
    inorganic environment (Ernst Haeckel, 1869)
     Ecology : overlaps interaction of genetics, evolution,
    physiology and behavior.
     Charles Elton (1972) : natural history

     Eugene Odum (1963) : structure and function of nature

     Andrewartha (1961) : distribution and abudance of


    organisms
    Ecology : the scientific study of the interactions that
    determine the distribution and abundance of organisms
     Basic problems and Approaches to Ecology
     We can approach the study of ecology from three points
    of view :
     Descriptive : interaction the animals and plants of these
    ecosystems. The foundation of all of ecological science.
     Functional : studies of populations and communities as they
    exist and can be measured now. Studies proximate cause –
    the dynamic responses of populations and communities to
    immediate factors of the environment.
     Evolutionary : studies ultimate cause – the historical reasons
    why natural selection has favored the particular adaptations.
     The basic problem of ecology is to determine the
    causes of the distribution and abundance of
    organisms.
     Every organism lives in a matrix of space and
    time (spatial and temporal)
     The problems of distribution and abundance can
    be analyzed at the level of the population of a
    single species or at the level of the community,
    which contains many species.
     Levels of integration
     Landscapes : ecosphere or biosphere
     Ecosystems : the biotic community and its abiotic
    environment (is the basic unit of ecology)
     Communities : diversity or species richness
     Species
     Populations : density (number/square meter)
     Individual organisms
     Organ systems
     Organs
     Tissues
     Cells
     Subcellular organelles
     Molecules
     Methods of approach to ecology
     Ecology has been approached on :
     The theoretical
     The laboratory
     The field
    Evolution and Ecology
     What is evolution ?
     Evolution is change
     Biological evolution as change in any attribute of
    a population over time (from generation to
    generation).
     Natural selection
     Adaptation
     Coevolution
    Ecology
     Study of
     Interaction organism vs environment factors
     Interaction organism vs the other organism
     Interaction plant and other plants
     Interaction animal and other animals

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