09-Traverse Surveying

Traverse Surveying
F U N D A M E N TA L S O F S U RV E Y I N G C H A P T E R 3
R E F E R E N C E M AT E R I A L : M I D - A M E R I C A V O C AT I O N A L C U R R I C U L U M
C O N S O RT I U M , I N C . , B A S I C S U RV E Y I N G T E C H N O L O G Y, S T I L LWAT E R , O K :
O K L A H O M A S TAT E D E PA RT M E N T O F V O C AT I O N A L T E C H N I C A L E D U C AT I O N , 1 9 8 7
Objectives
 List major sources of error in traverse
operations.
 Perform traverse calculations in order to
determine closure, accuracy, and area.
 Perform a closed loop traverse.
Terms and Definitions
 Angular Error
 Closed Traverse
 Departure
 Error of Closure
 Latitude
 Open Traverse
Sources of Error in Traverse
Operations
 Errors in measurement of angles and
distances.
 Poor selection of traverse points resulting in
bad sighting conditions (into sun, through
timber, etc.)
 Failing to measure the angles an equal
number of times direct and reversed
(doubling and averaging)
9 Steps to Computing a Traverse’s
Closure, Accuracy, and Area
1. Draw a sketch of the traverse with points and angles.
2. Compute the angular error and adjust the angles.
3. Compute the bearings or azimuths.
4. Compute Latitudes and Departures.
5. Compute the error of closure.
6. Compute the measure of accuracy.
7. Compute corrections for latitudes and departures.
8. Calculate Adjusted Latitudes and Departures.
9. Calculate the area of the traverse using the Double Meridian
Distance (DMD) method.
Problem
 A five-sided closed field traverse has the
following angles: A=101°24’00”,
B=149°13’00”, C=80°58’30”, D=116° 19’00”,
E=92°04’30”. The lengths of the sides are
as follows: AE 350.10’, ED 579.03’, DC
368.28’,
CB 382.20’, BA 401.58’.
 Determine the traverse’s closure, accuracy,
and area.
Closure (steps 1-5)
Step 1 Draw a sketch of the traverse with points and angles.
30”
00”
00”
00”
30”
Closure (steps 1-5)
Step 2 Compute the angular error and adjust the angles.
(n-2)180= (5-2)180= 540°00’00”
BAE 101°24’00” +12” 101°24’12” 30”
CBA 149°13’00” +12” 149°13’12” 00”
DCB 80°58’30” +12” 80°58’42”

EDC 116°19’00” +12” 116°19’12”
AED 92°04’30” +12” 92°04’42” 00”
00”
Σ 539°59’00” +12” 540°00’00”

-1’00”/5=-12”
30”
Closure (steps 1-5)
Step 3 Compute the azimuths (or bearings).
30”
00”
Course Azimuth Bearing

BAE 152°46’12” S27°13’48”E
AED 64°50’54” N64°50’54”E 00”
00”
EDC 1°10’06” N1°10’06”E
DCB 262°08’48” S82°08’48”W
CBA 231°22’00” S51°22’00”W 30”
Closure (steps 1-5)
Step 4 Compute Latitudes and Departures. What are latitudes
and departures?
For any given line BA, latitude is the change in y and departure is the change in x
Latitude (north is +, south is -). Departure (west is -, east is +).
If a survey has been perfectly performed, the plus latitudes will equal the minus
latitudes and the same with the departures.
Dep. BA (-)
Lat. BA (-)
B
A
Closure (steps 1-5)
Step 4 Compute Latitudes and Departures.
Formula for finding Lats and Deps

Latitude=Horizontal distance (H) cos θ
Departure=Horizontal distance (H) sin θ
Closure (steps 1-5)
Step 4 continued
STA Distance Azimuth Latitude Departure

(cos) (sin)
BAE 350.10 152°46’12” -311.30 160.19
AED 579.03 64°50’54” 246.10 524.13
EDC 368.28 1°10’06” 368.20 7.51
DCB 382.20 262°08’48” -52.22 -378.62
CBA 401.58 231°22’00” -250.72 -313.70
Closure (steps 1-5)
Step 5 Compute the error of closure (E).
Sum the latitudes and departures. Since they do not equal zero,
the traverse did not make it back to the original point.
The mathematical distance between the original point and the new point
is the error of closure (E).
E=square root of (Σlat2+Σdep2)=sq rt (0.062+0.492)=0.49
Course Distance Azimuth Latitude Departure
(cos) (sin)
BAE 350.10 152°46’12” -311.30 160.19
AED 579.03 64°50’54” 246.10 524.13
EDC 368.28 1°10’06” 368.20 7.51
DCB 382.20 262°08’48” -52.22 -378.62
CBA 401.58 231°22’00” -250.72 -313.70
P= 2081.19 Σ= +0.06 -0.49
Accuracy (step 6)
Step 6 Compute the measure of accuracy.
Precision Ratio= Error of Closure (E) to Total distance around the traverse (P).
Precision Ratio= E/P = 0.49/2081.19
Precision Ratios are always written with the numerator as 1, thus if we divide both
by the original numerator we have the new format (1/4247)
We then round the denominator to the nearest 100.
= 1/4200
Accuracy (step 6)
 What is the importance of the Precision Ratio?
 So that states and provinces are able to mandate the
level of competency on given works.
 A gravel road could pass with a 1/3000, whereas a
monorail would need a 1/7500 to 1/10000 level of
precision.
 In our example, if we specified that the survey must
meet a 1/7500 Precision Ratio, we would have to
resurvey because we are only at 1/4200.
Area (step 7)
Step 7 Compute corrections for latitudes and departures.
Just like balancing angles, once we identify the sum of the
latitudes and departures, we need to distribute that error before
proceeding.
One way to distribute the error is through the compass rule.
This technique distributes errors in latitude and departure for
each course in the same proportion as the course distance is to
the traverse perimeter.
Area (step 7)
 The formula is as follows:
 C lat AB = Σ lat x AB/P
 Where C lat AB = correction in latitude AB
 Σ lat = error of closure in latitude
 AB = distance AB
 P = Perimeter of traverse
 (the formula for departure is the same, just substitute dep for lat)
Area (step 7)
 Using the calculator, we can set up a
constant in memory such as .06/2081.19 and
then multiply this by each course distance.
 For example, for the latitudes, perform the
above calculation and store it as A.
Then for each course, enter RCL A, x
(multiply) , the next course distance.
Area (step 7)
Since the sum of latitudes were positive error, the corrections
become negative. The departures had negative error, so the
corrections are positive.
Course Distance Latitude Departure C lat C dep
(cos) (sin)
BAE 350.10 -311.30 160.19 -.01 +.08
AED 579.03 246.10 524.13 -.02 +.14
EDC 368.28 368.20 7.51 -.01 +.09
DCB 382.20 -52.22 -378.62 -.01 +.09
CBA 401.58 -250.72 -313.70 -.01 +.09
Σ= +0.06 -0.49 -.06 +0.49
Area (step 8)
 Step 8 Calculate Adjusted Latitudes and Departures.
 Add the corrections to each original latitude and departure.
Latitude Departure C lat C dep Balanced Balanced

(cos) (sin) latitudes Departures
-311.30 160.19 -.01 +.08 -311.31 +160.27
246.10 524.13 -.02 +.14 +246.08 +524.27
368.20 7.51 -.01 +.09 +368.19 +7.60
-52.22 -378.62 -.01 +.09 -52.23 -378.53
-250.72 -313.70 -.01 +.09 -250.73 -313.61
+0.06 -0.49 -.06 +0.49 0.00 0.00
Area (step 9)
Step 9 Calculate the area of the traverse using the Double Meridian
Distance (DMD) method.
To get started, transfer the dep for the 1st course into the DMD
column. Balanced Balanced
Course DMD DBL
latitudes Departures Area
BAE -311.31 +160.27 160.27
AED +246.08 +524.27
EDC +368.19 +7.60
DCB -52.23 -378.53
CBA -250.73 -313.61
0.00 0.00
Area (step 9)
Next, multiply the DMD of the 1st by lat of 1st and record in DBL
area for 1st.
X
Course Balanced Balanced DMD DBL
BAE -311.31 +160.27 160.27 = - 49,894
AED +246.08 +524.27
EDC +368.19 +7.60
DCB -52.23 -378.53
CBA -250.73 -313.61
0.00 0.00
Area (step 9)
Add DMD of 1st row to dep of 1st row to dep of 2ndrow and record in DMD
for 2nd row.

BAE -311.31 +160.27 160.27 - 49,894
AED +246.08 +524.27 = 844.81
EDC +368.19 +7.60
DCB -52.23 -378.53
CBA -250.73 -313.61
0.00 0.00
Area (step 9)
Repeat the steps (multiply the DMD of the 2ndby lat of 2ndand
record in DBL area for 2nd).
X
BAE -311.31 +160.27 160.27 - 49,894
AED +246.08 +524.27 844.81 =+207,891
EDC +368.19 +7.60
DCB -52.23 -378.53
CBA -250.73 -313.61
0.00 0.00
Area (step 9)
Repeat the process until all calculations are made for all
courses.

BAE -311.31 +160.27 160.27 - 49,894
AED +246.08 +524.27 844.81 +207,891
EDC +368.19 +7.60 1376.68 +506,880
DCB -52.23 -378.53 1005.75 - 52,530
CBA -250.73 -313.61 313.61 - 78,631
0.00 0.00 533,716
Area (step 9)
 Sum all of DBL areas and divide by 2
 533,716 sq ft /2=266,858 sq ft
 Divide by 43,560 sq ft /acre to find answer in acres
 266,858/43,560 = 6.126 acres

09-Traverse Surveying

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09-Traverse Surveying

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Traverse Surveying

CBA 149°13’00” +12” 149°13’12” 00”

DCB 80°58’30” +12” 80°58’42”

Σ 539°59’00” +12” 540°00’00”

Course Azimuth Bearing

Formula for finding Lats and Deps

STA Distance Azimuth Latitude Departure

Latitude Departure C lat C dep Balanced Balanced

Course Balanced Balanced DMD DBL

Course Balanced Balanced DMD DBL

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