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A-Nutritional Deficiency FN III
A-Nutritional Deficiency FN III
Refers to both:
• Under nutrition: not getting
enough nutrients
• Overnutrition: getting more
nutrients than the body needs
(ICMR 2018)
CAUSES OF MALNUTRITION
CLASSIFICATION OF MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN
CONSEQUENCES OF MALNUTRITION (ICMR 2018)
MAIN NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS
1. Obesity
2. Starvation
3. Kwashiorkor
4. Marasmus
5. Anorexia nervosa
6. Bulimia nervosa
7. Vitamin deficiency
8. Trace element deficiency
OBESITY
Obesity is defined as an excess of adipose tissue
Etiology
• Genetic predisposition
• diets largely derived from carbohydrates and fats than protein rich food
• Hyper insulinaemia
• Non- Insulin dependant diabetes
• Hypertension
• Hyper lipoproteinaemia
• Atherosclerosis
• Coronary artery disease
• Cholelithiasis
• Cancer
• Osteoarthritistt
SERIOUS HEALTH HAZARDS OF OBESITY
• Stroke
• Coronary artery diseases
• Hypertension
• Fatty liver
• Diabetes
• Atherosclerosis
• Hyperlipidaemia
• Osteoarthritis
TREATMENT FOR OBESITY
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Drug therapy {appetite suppressing drugs}
Phentermine, diethylpropion etc.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Vertical banded gastroplasty
Adjustable gastric banding
HERE ARE FOUR (4) NURSING DIAGNOSIS FOR
OBESITY
• Imbalanced Nutrition: More Than Body Requirements
• Disturbed Body Image
• Impaired Social Isolation
• Deficient Knowledge
May be related to
Food intake that exceeds body needs
Psychosocial factors
Socioeconomic status
Possibly evidenced by
• Weight of 20% or more over optimum body weight; excess body fat by skinfold/other
measurements
• Reported/observed dysfunctional eating patterns, intake more than body requirement
NURSING MANAGEMENT
• Nutritional therapy
• Behaviour modification
• Support groups
STARVATION
Etiology
• Deliberate fasting
• famine conditions in a country or community
• secondary under nutrition such as chronic wasting diseases,
cancers etc
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Health promotion
• Acute intervention
• Health education
• Kwashiorkor
isprotein deficiency through
calorie intake may be suf icient
• Marasmus
Is starvation in infants occurring due tooverall lack of calories
It is the deficiency of caloric intake .
KWASHIORKOR AND MARASMUS
CLINICAL FEATURES
KWASHIORKOR MARASMUS
• Occurs in children between 6 months • Growth failure
3 years of age
• Growth failure, Anemia • Wasting of all tissues including
• Wasting muscles but muscles and adipose tissue
preserved adipose tissue • Edema present
• Edema , localized or • No hepatic enlargement
generalized, present
• Enlarged fatty liver • Serum proteins low
• Serum proteins low • Anemia present
• Alternate bands of light and dark • Monkey-like face, protuberant
hair abdomen, thin limbs
MORPHOLOGY OF MARASMUS
Morphology
• No fatty liver
• Atrophy of dif erent tissues and
organs including
subcutaneous fat
Diagnostic Evaluation
• Severe hypo chromic anemia is
generally diagnosed.
• The plasma proteins level is
usually lowered unless hemo
concentration is present
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MARASMUS
When adequate calories are not ingested to fulfill the metabolic needs
of the body, reserve food elements such as protein and fat in the
tissues are used to sustain life. This process may be caused by
• An inadequate diet or faulty eating habits
• Congenital anomalies that present the infant taking an adequate diet
Disease condition that interfere with the assimilation of food
• Infections that produce anorexia and decrease the infants ability to
digest food
• Loss of food intake through vomiting and diarrhea
• Food allergy that is not managed appropriate
• Emotional problems such as disturbed mother child relations.
NURSING DIAGNOSIS FOR
MARASMUS
• Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements related to
inadequate food intake
• Deficient fluid volume related to diarrhea
• Impaired skin integrity related to impaired nutritional / metabolic
status
• Risk for infection related to damage the body's defense
• Deficient knowledge related to lack of information
• Activity intolerance related to impaired oxygen transport system
secondary to malnutrition
• Excess fluid volume related to lower protein intake
(malnutrition)
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF MARASMUS
• Eggs
• Cow’s milk
• Cheese
• Meat cooked
• Fish cooked
• Rice cooked
• Soy beans
• White potato
• Wheat germ
• Nuts
NURSING DIAGNOSIS FOR KWASHIORKOR
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