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Vaccine: Adaptive Immunity
Vaccine: Adaptive Immunity
Vaccines must be safe (no side effects) and potent (induce a high level
of protection) and although occasionally it has been possible to
achieve these characteristics using simple procedures (usually heat or
chemical inactivation of cultures of pathogenic microorganisms)
Disadvantages
•Live-attenuated vaccine may rarely revert to its virulence form and
cause disease.
•Live-attenuated vaccine cannot be given to immunosuppressed
individuals.
•Since they are live they require proper storage.
Subunit Vaccines
Subunit vaccines are the purified antigens of the whole organisms.
Bio encapsulations are used usually when the fish fry are to be
vaccinated, Bio encapsulation include the live feed such as
Artemia nauplii, copepods or rotifers which are fed after
incubation in a vaccine suspension.
Disadvantages
•Large quantities of vaccines are required
•Some fish may not consume the feed.
•Protection generally weak and of short duration
Immersion vaccination: Fish being aquatic in nature it is
constantly surrounded by the microorganisms of which some
may be pathogenic ones.
Short needles might deliver the vaccine in the muscle and cause
inflammation and a bad immune response, while long needles
may damage the internal organ.
The right thickness of needle is also important because the
viscous vaccine has to pass through the needle and if the needle
is too large the vaccine may fall back and may lead to infection.
Disadvantages
•Needs sophisticated machinery or large skilled workforce
•Significant handling stress and risk of post vaccination fungal
infections
•Local reactions
•Unsuitable for small fish
Vaccines are preparations of antigens derived from pathogenic
organisms, rendered non-pathogenic by various means, which will
stimulate the immune system in such a way as to increase the
resistance to disease from subsequent infection by a pathogen.
Until the early 1990’s the most fish vaccines were developed and
commercialized by small local companies
From 1990 till date five multinational animal health care companies
have acquired and specialized in the field of aquaculture vaccines
they are
Inter Vet International in Nether lands
Novartis Switzerland
Schering Plough Animal Health USA
Pharmaq Norway
Beyer Animal Health in Germany and Canada
Locally developed vaccines are also available in countries like Japan,
China, Russia, Spain and Germany.
Vaccine administration methods and factors affecting efficacy:
As oral vaccination by antigen included in feed gives poor and
inconsistent responses due to destruction in gut, but some methods
to protect the antigen by
entrapping in liposomes or alginate beads,
neutralizing gut fluids or application of biofilm vaccine are giving
promising results.
Therefore the two main methods of vaccine delivery to fish are still
immersion in diluted suspension of vaccine or injecting into body
cavity by intraperitoneal injection.
An immersion vaccine is effective for a number of bacterial
pathogens and is cheap and easy to administer for small fish.
Live viral vaccines have been tested with good results in fish and
should be optimal regarding protection, administration and price.
Although carp used for food and ornamental purpose in Asia widely, the
severe viral diseases such as Koi herpes virus, grass carp haemorrhagic
disease virus has been developed and used widely in china.
Another strain of Carp Intestinal Nephritis and Gill Necrosis vaccine are
available in Israel.
In salmon farming commercial vaccine for infectious pancreatic necrosis
virus (IPNV) is either inactivated cell culture propagated virus or
recombinant structural protein.
An inactivated viral vaccine against pancreas disease caused by aquatic
alpha virus is available in Ireland
Vaccine against infective salmon anemia caused by Orthomyxovirus is
available in Canada and USA.
Production of polyvalent vaccines:
For obvious practical reasons there reluctance to include more than
one vaccination during production cycle.
One of the most extensively used vaccines for salmons contains
antigen of 6 different pathogens and this number is likely to increase
with the emergence of new diseases.
However cost and demand for more complex products will sooner or
later will result in antigens being immunologically incompatible or
there may be limit to the amount of antigens that can be included in
water phase of oil water emulsion.
Furthermore the increasing number of antigen makes development,
production and registration of such vaccine more difficult.