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    Teena Seiclam
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    Here are the answers to the questions on the 1/2 crosswise paper: 1. The earth is always changing through geological processes like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, mountain building, and erosion that shape the land over long periods of time. 2. Forces inside the earth like heat and pressure create and change landforms on the surface through geological processes like plate tectonics. 3. The theory of plate tectonics explains how the outermost part of the earth's crust is divided into plates that move around on the uppermost mantle due to convection currents in the mantle. The movement of these plates constantly reshapes the earth's surface. 4. The two theories that make up the

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    Here are the answers to the questions on the 1/2 crosswise paper: 1. The earth is always changing through geological processes like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, mountain building, and erosion that shape the land over long periods of time. 2. Forces inside the earth like heat and pressure create and change landforms on the surface through geological processes like plate tectonics. 3. The theory of plate tectonics explains how the outermost part of the earth's crust is divided into plates that move around on the uppermost mantle due to convection currents in the mantle. The movement of these plates constantly reshapes the earth's surface. 4. The two theories that make up the

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    48 views36 pages

    Earthquakes and Seismic Waves

    Uploaded by

    Teena Seiclam
    Here are the answers to the questions on the 1/2 crosswise paper: 1. The earth is always changing through geological processes like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, mountain building, and erosion that shape the land over long periods of time. 2. Forces inside the earth like heat and pressure create and change landforms on the surface through geological processes like plate tectonics. 3. The theory of plate tectonics explains how the outermost part of the earth's crust is divided into plates that move around on the uppermost mantle due to convection currents in the mantle. The movement of these plates constantly reshapes the earth's surface. 4. The two theories that make up the

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 36

    Earthquakes

    •Vibration of the Earth


    produced by the rapid
    release of energy.
    •….. Massive energy!
    Earthquakes
    • Earthquakes occur along plate
    boundaries at points called faults.
    • Energy is stored in the rocks
    which produces stress and
    strain… until the rock breaks!
    Releasing stored energy in the
    form of seismic waves.
    Focus and Epicenter
    • The focus is the
    earthquake's
    underground point of
    origin or hypocenter.
    Focus and Epicenter
    • The epicenter is the point
    on the Earth’s surface that is
    directly above the point
    where an earthquake
    originates or focus.
    Stress and Strain: Rock Behavior
    Strain - the result of stress
    or deformation
    Stress and Strain:
    the forces of the earthquake

    .
    Tectonic forces apply stress to
    rock in three basic forms
    1. Compression: pushing together or
    compression
    2. Tension : Stress that acts to lengthen an
    object or pull it apart.
    3. Shear/Transform: Stress that acts
    parallel to a surface. It can cause one
    object to slide over another. The most
    general definition is that shear acts to
    change the angles in an object.
    Stress and Strain along Faults
    Stress and Strain along faults
    FAULT TYPES
    Identifying Main Ideas
    Main Idea

    Seismic waves carry the energy of an earthquake

    Detail Detail Detail

    P waves S waves vibrate Surface waves


    from side to produce the
    compress
    side as well as most severe
    and expand up and down. ground
    the ground. movements &
    S-waves move damage even
    P waves at about ½ the though they
    move the speed of P move the
    waves! slowest!.
    fastest!
    Seismic waves: forms
    • P-waves:
    – called compressional, or push-pull waves
    – Propagate parralel to the direction in which the wave is moving
    – Move through solids, liquids

    • S-waves:
    – Called shear waves
    – Propagate the movement perpendicular
    to the direction in which the wave is
    moving

    • Surface waves (L-waves or long waves).


    – Complex motion
    – Up-and-down and side-to-side
    – Slowest
    – Most damage to structures, buildings
    Using Seismic Waves to Study
    Earth's Interior
    Seismic Waves travel through the
    entire Earth
    Both S and P waves travel throughout
    the body of the earth, and can be
    picked up by
    seismometers - machines that record
    earthquakes - anywhere in the world.
    • A seismometer records
    Seismometers the vibrations from
    earthquakes. Mechanical
    versions work by way of a
    large mass, freely
    suspended.
    • In the example on the left,
    a rotating drum records a
    red line on a sheet of
    paper. If the earth moves
    (in this case from left to
    right) the whole machine
    will vibrate too.
    • However, the large mass
    tends to stay still, so the
    drum shakes beneath the
    pen, recording a squiggle!
    Seismograph: the record of the
    Earthquake
    The record of an earthquake, a seismograph,
    as recorded by a seismometer, will be a
    plot of vibrations versus time. On the
    seismograph, time is marked at regular
    intervals, so that we can determine the
    time of arrival of the first P-wave and the
    time of arrival of the first S-wave.  
    Seismograph
    Triangulation
    If three arrival times are available at three
    different seismic stations then triangulation
    can be used to find the location of the focus
    or epicenter and the time of occurrence of
    the earthquake.

    The distance between the beginning of the


    first P wave and the first S wave tells you
    how many seconds the waves are apart.
    Collecting data from the recording
    stations:
    • Station A: San Francisco, California

    P-Wave arrival 3:02:20 S-Wave arrival 3:06:30


    What is the time
    difference between P and
    S wave arrivals?
    Collecting data from the recording
    stations:
    • Station B: Denver, Colorado

    P-Wave arrival 3:01:40 S-Wave arrival 3:05:00

    What is the time


    difference between P
    and S wave arrivals?
    Collecting data from the recording
    stations:
    • Station C: Missoula, Montana

    P-Wave arrival 3:01:00 S-Wave arrival 3:03:00

    What is the time


    difference between P
    and S wave arrivals?
    Difference in arrival times:

    San Francisco: 4:10 minutes/sec

    Denver, Colorado: 3:20 minutes/sec

    Missoula, Montana: 2:00 minutes/sec


    Locating the Epicenter
    Finally we plot the P and S wave travel-
    time curves to find the distance from
    each station to the earthquake
    epicenter. We do this by finding the
    unique epicenter distance where the
    difference in the P and S wave travel
    times is exactly equal to the difference
    you calculated from the seismogram.
    (we use a time/distance curve plot)
    WE TAKE A PIECE OF PAPER, AND
    MARK OFF THE DIFFERENCE IN
    ARRIVAL TIME

    4:10

    2800Km
    WE MOVE THE PAPER UNTIL THE
    TWO TICK MARKS LINE UP WITH
    THE P AND S CURVES

    WHEN TICK MARKS LINE UP, GO


    STRAIGHT DOWN AND READ THE
    EPICENTER DISTANCE

    EPICENTER DISTANCE
    OF 2800 KM
    EPICENTER DISTANCES
    San Francisco: 4:10 2,800km

    Denver, Colorado: 3:20 2,000km

    Missoula, Montana 2:00 1100km


    Epicenter Distances
    Using the map scale, and a drafting
    compass we set it to the appropriate
    length for the distance from the first
    location to the epicenter. Place the
    compass point at this location and draw
    an arc using the distance as the radius.
    Repeat for the other two locations. The
    intersection of the three arcs identifies
    the epicenter of the earthquake.
    Recording Board
    Difference in arrival times:
    San Francisco: 41:0 2,800km

    Open your compass to


    the EXACT distance on
    the scale.

    3,000
    2,000

    4,000

    5,000
    1,000
    .
    . .
    How Earthquakes Cause Damage
    The severe shaking provided
    by seismic waves can
    damage or destroy buildings
    and bridges, topple utility
    poles, and damage gas and
    water mains.
    With their side to side, up
    and down movement, S
    waves can damage or
    destroy buildings, bridges,
    and fracture gas mains.
    1/4 SHEET OF PAPER
    1. ___ is the earthquake's underground point of origin or hypocenter.
    2. ___ is the point on the Earth’s surface that is directly above the point
    where an earthquake originates or focus.
    3. ___ Vibration of the Earth produced by the rapid release of energy.
    4. ___ Propagate parallel to the direction in which the wave is moving.
    5. ___ Propagate the movement perpendicular to the direction in which
    the wave is moving.
    6. ___ can be used to find the location of the focus or epicenter and the
    time of occurrence of the earthquake.
    7. ___ machines that record earthquakes anywhere in the world.
    8. ___ a plot of vibrations versus time.
    9 – 10. How do earthquakes cause damage?
    ½ CROSSWISE PAPER
    1. How is the earth always changing?
    2. What forces inside the earth create and change landforms
    on the surface?
    3. What is the theory of plate tectonics and how does it
    work?
    4. What two theories help make up the theory of plate
    tectonics?
    5. What is continental drift and sea floor spreading?
    6. What happens when the plates crash together, pull apart,
    and slide against each other?
    7-10. Give the 4 layers of the earth.

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