Lec # 021 Thermal Time Constant
Lec # 021 Thermal Time Constant
&
Temperature Rise Curve
NOORNABI SHAIKH
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION
Rotating electrical machines when working as a generator convert mechanical
energy in to electrical energy and vice – versa when working as motor.
These losses are occurring in core material, windings and places of contacts
like bearings etc.
Let
When the body will attain final steady – state temperature Θm, after that time all
the heat generated inside the body will be equal to the heat dissipated by the
body i.e., there will be no further storage of heat in the body.
4
MDET/THERMAL TIME CONSTANT/NNSHAIKH
i.e.,
Power Wasted (Heat Generated) = Power Dissipated (Heat Utilized)
Or
P C m
P
m ......... (1)
C
Before the body attains steady – state final temperature Θm, the rate of heat
produced in excess
, (for storage) at any time.
( P C ) Watts
P C
calories / sec [1 calorie = 4.2 watt - sec]
4.2
d P C
... Rate of temperature rise ... O
C / s ..........(2)
dt 4.2 H
5
MDET/THERMAL TIME CONSTANT/NNSHAIKH
Or
dt d
4.2 H P C
d
t
dt
0
4.2 H
0
P C
t 1 P C
log e
4.2 H C P
1 C
log e 1
C P
C C t
log e ( 1 ) [ app anti log]
P 4. 2 H
C t
C
1 e 4. 2 H
P
P C t
1 e .2 H
4
C
4.2 H
Let T
C
P t
.: 1 e T
6 C
MDET/THERMAL TIME CONSTANT/NNSHAIKH
Or
m (1 e t / T ) (3)
4.2 H
Here T is known as THERMAL or HEAT or
C
Temperature Time Constant.
It may be noted that thermal time constant depends upon the
following factors :
T
P θm
100
Temperature rise θ (% θm)
80
60 63.2 %
40
20
O
Time
4.2 H
If this rise was maintained for a time T
C
9 MDET/THERMAL TIME CONSTANT/NNSHAIKH
Then total rise in temperature =
P 4.2 H P
m
4.2 H C C
Solution
1
From relation m (1 e T )
1
12 m (1 e )
T
(1)
2
21.5 m (1 e ) T
(2)
1 2
Let e T K :. e T K2
Divide equation 2 by 1
21.5 1 K2 (1 K ) (1 K )
12 1 K (1 K )
1.7916 1 K
1
1
: . K 0.792 Or e T
0.792 [ ln (0.792) ]
T
T 4.28 hrs
MDET/THERMAL TIME CONSTANT/NNSHAIKH
11
For θm from equation (1)
1
12 m (1 e T )
Substituting T = 4.28
1
12 m (1 e 4.28
)
12 m (1 0.792)
12 0.208 m
m 57.69 O
C
If its temperature falls from final steady – state value to 40 oC in 1.5 hour, when it is
disconnected from the supply. Calculate the cooling time constant. The ambient
temperature is 30oC .
PROBLEM (HW)
A 1000KVA transformer with a rated I2R loss of 4 times the core loss operates in an
ambient temperature of 25 oC. Form cold it has a winding temperature – rise of
24 oC after 1 hour and 38.5 after 2 hours on rated load. Calculate
1. The final temperature – rise on rated load and heating time constant of the
windings.
2. For a maximum winding temperature of 97 oC
a. The continuous overload that can be sustained &
b. The time for which 2p.u rated load can be taken after continuous operation on no
– load.
During cooling :
Temperatur e rise after 1.5 hour of cooling 40 30 10 OC
Initial temperatur e rise :
i 50 OC , from cooling curve i e t / TC
Or 10 50 e 1.5 / TC
Or e 1.5 / TC 1 / 5
1.5
Or 1.61
TC
TC 0.932 hr.