Psychobiological Concepts: - Relationship of Neuroanatomy and - Relationship of Psychiatric Illnesses To

PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL
CONCEPTS
• Relationship of neuroanatomy and
psychiatric illnesses;
• Relationship of psychiatric illnesses to

disordered brain biology;
1
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Is divided into central and peripheral nervous
system;
• CNS – brain and the spinal cord;
• PNS – composed of peripheral innervations, and

spinal and cranial nerves;
2
THE BRAIN
• Weighs only approximately 3 - 4 lbs but contains billions of
neurons;
• Is divided into four major parts:

1. Cerebrum – largest functional area;
2. Diencephalon
3. Cerebellum – smallest functional area;
4. Brainstem
3
CEREBRUM
• Is the most superior part of the brain;
• It is divided into 2 hemispheres (right/ left) by the

LONGITUDINAL FISSURE;
• Each hemisphere is subdivided into four lobes:

1. FRONTAL LOBE
– Muscle movement, voluntary
– Higher order thinking
– Abstract reasoning
– Personality
– Decision making
– Inhibition and Speech
4
2. PARIETAL LOBE
– for general sensory function or interprets sensations
and information on body position;
3. OCCIPITAL LOBE
– for visual function;
4. TEMPORAL LOBE
– Judgment
– Auditory interpretation
– Memory
– Smell interpretation
5
• The cerebral hemispheres are composed of different
structures:
– neuronal pathways
– cerebral cortex
– limbic system
– basal ganglia
• Neuronal System Pathways

– Composed of several pathways made up of
communicating neurons which transmit various
information;
– Found in the WHITE MATER of the brain;

6
• CEREBRAL CORTEX
– Is the outermost
part of the brain and
is composed of gray
matter;
– Composed of GYRI
and SULCI;
– Deep sulcus are

called fissures;
7
• LIMBIC SYSTEM
– is a broad area composed of the:
• Limbic lobe and frontal cortex
• Hypothalamus and Amygdala
• Hippocampus
• Numerous tracts and Brainstem nuclei
• Autonomic nervous system
– Controls the:
• Four F’s( feeding, fighting, fleeing,
fornicating);
• Memory (Papez circuit)
• Emotions / motivations;
• Pleasures; 8
• BASAL GANGLIA (Extrapyramidal System)
– Are made up of three major nuclei: the caudate

nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus;
– these structures are involved in INVOLUNTARY

MOTOR FUNCTIONS;
– It interrelates motor activities that happen in

these structures;
9
– The EPS balances excitatory and inhibitory neurons that
have neurotransmitters;
• Excitatory Neurotransmitter – Acetylcholine
• Inhibitory Neurotransmitters – Dopamine*; Gamma-

aminobutyric acid (GABA)
– The EPS affects the contralateral side of the body;
– The pyramidal or corticospinal tract CONTROLS precise,

voluntary movements and stabilize motor movements;
10
– Lesions in the basal ganglia result in abnormal motor
movements such as:
• Rigidity
• Resting tremors
• Abnormal gait – shuffling gait;
• Chorea – sudden, jerky, and purposeless

movements;
• Athetosis – slow, writhing, snake-like

movement of fingers and wrists;
• Hemiballismus – sudden, wild flailing of one

arm; 11
DIENCEPHALON
• Is embedded in the cerebrum; superior to the brainstem;
• Parts :
• Thalamus – receives and relays general sensory
information;
» Also regulates moods,
• Hypothalamus – main visceral control center of the body;

» Important in maintaining homeostatis;
» Regulates ANS;
» Regulates body temperature;
» Regulates food intake and GIT functions;
» Regulates cardiovascular functions;
» Hormonal secretions;
12
BRAINSTEM
• The brainstem together with the cerebellum and the spinal
cord are found beneath the cerebrum;
• It is formed by the midbrain, pons, and medulla;
• Midbrain
– Serves as a continuation of the CNS below the cerebrum;
– Contains nuclei for several cranial nerves;
• Pons
– Contains cranial nerve nuclei and some neuronal
pathways end in this area;
– also regulates respiration;
13
• Medulla Oblongata
– is continuous with the spinal cord below;
– Some motor fibers (pyramids) from the cerebral cortex

continue their descent on the anterior surface of the
medulla;
– Functions:
• Neuronal pathways (crossing over)
• Respiratory regulation
• BP regulation
• Partial regulation of heart rate
• Centers for vomiting and swallowing
• Nuclei for several cranial nerves.
14
 Reticular Formation
– Is a multineural pathway found in the brainstem;
– Input from most sensory pathways passes in the

R.F. and are projected into the thalamus and
hypothalamus;
– It affects motor, sensory, and visceral functions;
15
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
- It serves as a screening device that allows individuals to
“tune out” some stimuli and attend to other stimuli;
– It allows us to study or even sleep in unlikely

environments;
– RAS is activated by sensory stimuli, pain, movement,

muscle tone, and stimulants;
– If the RAS is depressed – cannot sleep;
– If the RAS is nonfunctional – coma;
16
CEREBELLUM
– Receives sensory input from muscle and joints;
– Receives motor signals from the cerebral cortex

indicating how muscles are to be directed;
– Coordinates motor activity;
– Maintains a sense of balance or equilibrium;
17
 Cerebellar Disorders can lead to:
1. Ataxia – awkward posture and gait; uncoordinated

motor movements;
2. Decreased tendon reflexes;
3. Asthenia – muscle tire easily;
4. Intention tremors – increase intensity of hand

tremors on movement;
5. Nystagmus
18
“OOOTTAFAGVSH”
Cranial Nerves Function Assessment
Olfactory Sensory Smell (vanilla,
coffee)
Optic Sensory Vision
Oculomotor Motor PERLA / EOM
Trochlear Motor EOM (SO)
Trigeminal Mixed / SM Corneal reflex

Mastication
Abducens Motor EOM (LR)
19
Facial Mixed / SM Taste Ant 2/3.
Facial symmetry
Auditory Sensory Hearing
Glossopharyngeal Mixed / SM Taste Post 1/3.

Swallowing
Vagus Mixed / SM Swallowing
Spinal accessory Motor Shoulders
Hypoglossal Motor Tongue mov’t
“She Said Manny Must Buy Me Bags, Shoes, Bra, By Mary Mills”
20
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
 are chemicals that allow impulses to pass along

a neuron;
 Chemical messengers that carry an inhibitory or

excitatory message;
21
Types :
1. SEROTONIN
 DECREASE :
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Mood
• Sleeping disorders;
 INCREASE :
• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Withdrawn behavior
 Antidepressants increase the level of serotonin (and

norepinephrine)
22
2. ACETYLCHOLINE – in the PSNS;
 Controls muscle, memory, and

coordination;
 Decrease in Alzheimer’s disease and

sometimes in myasthenia gravis;
23
3. NOREPINEPHRINE – found in the SNS;
 Mediates emergency responses;
 also associated with depressive

disorders and bipolar disorders;
 Decrease – depression
 Increase – mania.
 Plays a role in changes in attention,

learning and memory, sleep,
wakefulness, and mood regulation;
24
4. DOPAMINE
 Secreted by the substantia nigra;
 Increase in patients with schizophrenia;
 Also related to movement disorders such as

Parkinson’s disease;
 Antipsychotic drugs block dopamine secretion;
25
5. GABA
 Is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter;
 Decrease in px with anxiety;
26

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PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL

• Relationship of psychiatric illnesses to

• CNS – brain and the spinal cord;

• PNS – composed of peripheral innervations, and

• Is divided into four major parts:

• It is divided into 2 hemispheres (right/ left) by the

• Each hemisphere is subdivided into four lobes:

• Neuronal System Pathways

– Found in the WHITE MATER of the brain;

– Deep sulcus are

– Are made up of three major nuclei: the caudate

– these structures are involved in INVOLUNTARY

– It interrelates motor activities that happen in

• Excitatory Neurotransmitter – Acetylcholine

• Inhibitory Neurotransmitters – Dopamine*; Gamma-

– The EPS affects the contralateral side of the body;

– The pyramidal or corticospinal tract CONTROLS precise,

• Abnormal gait – shuffling gait;

• Chorea – sudden, jerky, and purposeless

• Athetosis – slow, writhing, snake-like

• Hemiballismus – sudden, wild flailing of one

• Hypothalamus – main visceral control center of the body;

– Some motor fibers (pyramids) from the cerebral cortex

– Is a multineural pathway found in the brainstem;

– Input from most sensory pathways passes in the

– It affects motor, sensory, and visceral functions;

– It allows us to study or even sleep in unlikely

– RAS is activated by sensory stimuli, pain, movement,

– If the RAS is depressed – cannot sleep;

– If the RAS is nonfunctional – coma;

– Receives motor signals from the cerebral cortex

– Coordinates motor activity;

– Maintains a sense of balance or equilibrium;

1. Ataxia – awkward posture and gait; uncoordinated

2. Decreased tendon reflexes;

3. Asthenia – muscle tire easily;

4. Intention tremors – increase intensity of hand

Oculomotor Motor PERLA / EOM

Trochlear Motor EOM (SO)

Trigeminal Mixed / SM Corneal reflex

Glossopharyngeal Mixed / SM Taste Post 1/3.

Spinal accessory Motor Shoulders

Hypoglossal Motor Tongue mov’t

 are chemicals that allow impulses to pass along

 Chemical messengers that carry an inhibitory or

 Antidepressants increase the level of serotonin (and

 Controls muscle, memory, and

 Decrease in Alzheimer’s disease and

 also associated with depressive

 Plays a role in changes in attention,

 Secreted by the substantia nigra;

 Increase in patients with schizophrenia;

 Also related to movement disorders such as

 Antipsychotic drugs block dopamine secretion;

 Is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter;

 Decrease in px with anxiety;

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