ETHICS

PRESENTED BY:
KIM M. VELASCO
A.Y 2020-2021
Batangas
Batangas State
State University
University
COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
OF NURSING AND
AND ALLIED
ALLIED HEALTH
HEALTH SCIENCES
SCIENCES –– Pablo
Pablo Borbon
Borbon Main
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE
1. Define moral dilemmas and set out situations.
2. Explain the three levels of moral dilemmas
3. Discuss several factors affecting the organization, structure and individual
Batangas
Batangas State
State University
University
COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
OF NURSING AND
AND ALLIED
ALLIED HEALTH
HEALTH SCIENCES
SCIENCES –– Pablo
Pablo Borbon
Borbon Main
Main 1
1

WHAT IS DILEMMA?
- a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more
alternatives, especially equally undesirable ones.
Batangas
Batangas State
State University
University
COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
OF NURSING AND
AND ALLIED
ALLIED HEALTH
HEALTH SCIENCES
SCIENCES –– Pablo
Pablo Borbon
Borbon Main
Main 1
1

MMORAL DILEMMAS
 In the definition of Kvalnes (2019), a moral dilemma is a situation in which a
decisionmaker must give preference to one moral principle over another.
Dilemmas occur when, confronted with a challenging situation, two or more of
that kind of values disagree with the understanding of the decision-maker, or
when one assesses the moral option of another.
A moral dilemma may arise as a result of a prior personal mistake. It's
called a self-inflicted dilemma.

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Batangas
Batangas State
State University
University
COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
OF NURSING AND
AND ALLIED
ALLIED HEALTH
HEALTH SCIENCES
SCIENCES –– Pablo
Pablo Borbon
Borbon Main
Main 1
1

MOMORAL DILEMMAS
According to Kurie & Albin (2007), a moral dilemma is a situation in which
people assume that they should morally do one thing and that they should morally
do another thing, and Learning Objectives Learning Content occasionally a third
thing or even a fourth thing, but they're not doing any of these mutually
contradictory choices together.
The ethical dilemma or a moral dilemma as expounded by Figar & Dordevic,
(2016) is a situation whereby a person has to make a decision. Among competing
alternatives, which is the right (ethical) alternative and which is the best?
The above definitions characterized moral dilemma or ethical dilemma as:
(1) Making an option to one moral value over the other
(2) A situation where moral values are equally significant
Batangas
Batangas State
State University
University
COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
OF NURSING AND
AND ALLIED
ALLIED HEALTH
HEALTH SCIENCES
SCIENCES –– Pablo
Pablo Borbon
Borbon Main
Main 1
1

MOMORAL DILEMMAS
(3) A scenario where a person has a strong moral reason in action, but not equally
strong moral reason in acting in another way
(4) A state where a person should morally do one, two, or more and have
difficulty in deciding any of those conflicting choices.
Every human being, experience struggling to decide especially if there is an
urgency to make a choice. Weighing what is good and moral. A moral dilemma or
ethical dilemma applies to our personal life, in a job, in a profession, education,
and some others. In any decision, an individual must analyze every aspect,
scrutinize the pros and cons, and after several evaluations then finally decide
Batangas
Batangas State
State University
University
COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
OF NURSING AND
AND ALLIED
ALLIED HEALTH
HEALTH SCIENCES
SCIENCES –– Pablo
Pablo Borbon
Borbon Main
Main 1
1

MOMORAL DILEMMAS
The sample photos below exemplify a moral dilemma.
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Batangas State
State University
University

THREE LEVELS OF MORAL

COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
OF NURSING AND
AND ALLIED
ALLIED HEALTH
HEALTH SCIENCES
SCIENCES –– Pablo
Pablo Borbon
Borbon Main
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DILEMMAS
1. ORGANIZATIONAL ETHICAL OR MORAL DILEMMA
-an organizational ethical dilemma refers to a situation that causes an organization
to respond negatively or positively to an ethical issue that affects staff,
shareholders, and society, as well as corporate ethics and customers.
Based on the article of Michigan State University online.com (2020) and Small
Business Chron.com (2019), there are common ethical issues in the organization
such as:
(1) Unethical leadership/bad leadership behavior-A leader of the organization must
act with candor, be an example to his subordinates, with upright moral value.
(2) Toxic workplace culture- A leader of the organization must focus on the
development of work culture.
Batangas
Batangas State
State University
University

THREE LEVELS OF MORAL

COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
OF NURSING AND
AND ALLIED
ALLIED HEALTH
HEALTH SCIENCES
SCIENCES –– Pablo
Pablo Borbon
Borbon Main
Main 1
1

DILEMMAS
(3) Discrimination and harassment/ Peril of employee favoritism-A leader must
treat fairly his or her subordinates and avoid any form of discrimination and
harassment.
(4) Unrealistic and conflicting goals- A leader must have realistic and very clear
goals so that his or her subordinates understand what the organization is going
through, hence, they can work together thoroughly until they reach the goals of the
organization
(5) Use of the organization’s technology, social media use, technology, and privacy
concerns.
(6) Business travel ethics
Batangas
Batangas State
State University
University

THREE LEVELS OF MORAL

COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
OF NURSING AND
AND ALLIED
ALLIED HEALTH
HEALTH SCIENCES
SCIENCES –– Pablo
Pablo Borbon
Borbon Main
Main 1
1

DILEMMAS
2. INDIVIDUAL MORAL DILEMMA
-individual ethical or moral dilemma pertains to a situation where individuals
confront with a number of factors such as peer pressure, personal financial
position, an economic and social status which may influence all individual ethical
standards.
Socialization is part of every individual's life. It is just a query as to whether an
individual remains aware of doing what is good and what is right. There are times
that due to peer pressure, an individual engages in a certain scenario in which may
change their behavior and attitude. Human beings must not be confused nor
ambiguous and put himself or herself in a dilemma where he doesn't know what to
do and decide to what is good and what is right.
Batangas
Batangas State
State University
University

THREE LEVELS OF MORAL

COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
OF NURSING AND
AND ALLIED
ALLIED HEALTH
HEALTH SCIENCES
SCIENCES –– Pablo
Pablo Borbon
Borbon Main
Main 1
1

DILEMMAS
3. STRUCTURAL MORAL DILEMMA
The structural moral dilemma is that selecting a proper system of responsibilities
and relationships, which is a continuing universal challenge.
There are five concepts in the structural moral dilemma to consider namely:
(1) Differentiation vs. Integration
The conflict between the distribution of jobs and the organization of numerous
activities generates a classic dilemma. Laws, regulations, and directives need to be
balanced by lateral approaches.
Batangas
Batangas State
State University
University

THREE LEVELS OF MORAL

COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
OF NURSING AND
AND ALLIED
ALLIED HEALTH
HEALTH SCIENCES
SCIENCES –– Pablo
Pablo Borbon
Borbon Main
Main 1
1

DILEMMAS
(2) Gap vs Overlap
When the main tasks are not explicitly defined, the critical job will slip through
gaps. In a similar manner, functions and activities can overlap, causing conflict,
wasting time, and unintended duplication of responsibilities.
(3) Lack of Clarity vs. Lack of Creativity
When employees are not clear about what they are expected to do, they often adapt
their tasks to personal interests instead of system-wide goals that often lead to
problems. Yet when people 's duties are over defined, they comply with their
positions and procedures in a bureaucratic manner.
Batangas
Batangas State
State University
University

HOW TO AVOID MORAL

COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
OF NURSING AND
AND ALLIED
ALLIED HEALTH
HEALTH SCIENCES
SCIENCES –– Pablo
Pablo Borbon
Borbon Main
Main 1
1

DILEMMA?
(1) Must have well-distributed jobs and the laws, policies, rules, and regulations
must be balanced through lateral approaches.
(2) Must have an implicitly defined job description, roles, and duties to evade
from gaps and overlaps.
(3) Must have a clear-cut expectation of the tasks in a wide range of goals
(4) Must have a well-balanced interdependence and co0rdination.
Batangas
Batangas State
State University
University
COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
OF NURSING AND
AND ALLIED
ALLIED HEALTH
HEALTH SCIENCES
SCIENCES –– Pablo
Pablo Borbon
Borbon Main
Main 1
1

THE END