EC 8392

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
WHY DE IS NEEDED ?

WHERE IT IS USED?

APPLICATIONS OF DE

EXAMPLES
.

Why do we need digital electronics ?

Digital Electronics is very important in today's life

because if digital circuits compared to
analog circuits are that signals represented digitally
can be transmitted without degradation due to noise.
Also in digital system information stored is easier
than that of analog system
Where it is used?
Many of our household items make use of digital
electronics. This could include laptops, televisions,
remote controls and other entertainment systems, to
kitchen appliances like dishwashers and washing
machines.
Computers are one of the most complex examples
and will make use of numerous, complex circuits.
Applications of digital principles and system design

It's application are infinite, ranging for high end

computing to miniature circuits that can be very
versatile, signal processing, communication, etc. 
Digital Electronics is currently rapidly developing
and removing conventional analogue machines due to
its high speed, more accuracy, and greater flexibility.
Difference between Analog and
Digital computer
Compare to analog , digital circuits provide more advantages

• Digital Electronic circuits are relatively easy to design.

• It has higher accuracy, programmability.

• Transmitted signals are not degraded over long distances.

• Digital Signals can be stored easily.

• Digital Electronics is comparatively more immune to ‘error’ and ‘noise’. But in case
of high speed designs a small noise can induce error in signal.

• More Digital Circuits can be fabricated on integrated chips; this helps us obtain
complex systems in smaller size.
• More secure
Example

Here is a list of Electronic devices include televisions, DVD players,

laptops, desktop computers, mobile phones, iPods, iPads, cameras,
fans, ovens, washing machines, game consoles, printers and radios.

That should give you a simple reference point in under standing the
term Electronic devices.
 EC8392 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

Number
UNIT
UNITIV
I II
III
NUMBER
SYNCHRONOUS
ASYNCHRONOUS
COMBINATIO
SYSTEMS &
SEQUENTIAL
NAL
LOGICLOGIC 
Boolean
LOGIC  Algebra

U
system,lo NI
gic gates, T
V
M
E
Circuits,ad
M
O
der, RY
decoder,A
N
D
Latches,
DI
GI
flipflops
TA
L
IN
TE
State
G and
R
flow
AT tables
E
D
CI
R RAM and
C
UI
ROM,LOGI
TS C Families
Syllabus
UNIT I DIGITAL FUNDAMENTALS
Number Systems – Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal, 1’s and 2’s
complements, Codes – Binary, BCD, Excess 3, Gray, Alphanumeric codes,
Boolean theorems, Logic gates, Universal gates, Sum of products and product of
sums, Minterms and Maxterms, Karnaugh map Minimization and Quine-
McCluskey method of minimization.
UNIT II COMBINATIONAL CIRCUIT DESIGN
Design of Half and Full Adders, Half and Full Subtractors, Binary Parallel
Adder – Carry look ahead Adder, BCD Adder, Multiplexer, Demultiplexer,
Magnitude Comparator, Decoder, Encoder, Priority Encoder.
UNIT III SYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
Flip flops – SR, JK, T, D, Master/Slave FF – operation and excitation tables,
Triggering of FF, Analysis and design of clocked sequential circuits – Design -
Moore/Mealy models, state minimization, state assignment, circuit
implementation – Design of Counters- Ripple Counters, Ring Counters, Shift
registers, Universal Shift Register.
UNIT IV ASYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

Stable and Unstable states, output specifications, cycles and races, state reduction, race free

assignments, Hazards, Essential Hazards, Pulse mode sequential circuits, Design of Hazard free

circuits.

UNIT V MEMORY DEVICES AND DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Basic memory structure – ROM -PROM – EPROM – EEPROM –EAPROM, RAM – Static and

dynamic RAM - Programmable Logic Devices – Programmable Logic Array (PLA) - Programmable

Array Logic (PAL) – Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) - Implementation of combinational

logic circuits using PLA, PAL. Digital integrated circuits: Logic levels, propagation delay, power

dissipation, fan-out and fan-in, noise

margin, logic families and their characteristics-RTL, TTL, ECL, CMOS.

TEXT BOOK:

1. M. Morris Mano and Michael D. Ciletti, ―Digital Design‖, 5th Edition, Pearson, 2014.
Number System:
A set of values used to represent different quantities
Base or Radix:
The total number of digits used in a number system
Types of Number System:
Decimal Number System
 Binary Number System
 Octal Number System
 Hexadecimal Number System
Learning Objectives
Convert a number’s base
• Another base to decimal base
• Decimal base to another base
Some base to another base
•
Shortcut methods for converting
• Binary to octal number
• Octal to binary number
• Binary to hexadecimal
number
•
• Hexadecimal to binary
number

• Fractional numbers in binary

number system
Decimal Number System
The number system that we use in our day-to-day life
is the decimal number system.
Decimal number system has base 10 as it uses 10 digits
from 0 to 9.
In decimal number system, the successive positions to
the left of the decimal point represent units, tens,
hundreds, thousands and so on.
Each position represents a specific power of the base
(10).
Decimal Number System
Example
258610 = (2 x 103) + (5 x 102) + (8 x 101) + (6 x 100)

= 2000 + 500 + 80 + 6
Binary Number System
Characteristics
• A positional number system
• Has only 2 symbols or digits (0 and 1). Hence its
base = 2
• The maximum value of a single digit is 1 (one less
than the value of the base)
• Each position of a digit represents a specific power
of the base (2)
• This number system is used in computers
Binary Number System

Example

101012 = (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) x (1 x 20)

= 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1

= 2110
 Representing Numbers in
Different Number Systems
In order to be specific about which number system we
are referring to, it is a common practice to indicate the

base as a subscript. Thus, we write:

101012 = 2110
Bit
• Bit stands for binary digit.

• A bit in computer terminology means either a 0

or a 1.

• A binary number consisting of n bits is called an

n-bit number.
1.  The value of radix in binary number system is
_____________
a) 2
b) 8
c) 10
d) 1

2. The binary equivalent of the decimal number 10 is

__________
a) 0010
b) 10
c) 1010
d) 010
3)A bit in a computer terminology means either 0 or 1.
a) True
b) False

4)  Which of the following is the correct representation

of a binary number?
a) (124)2
b) 1110
c) (110)2
d) (000)2
 Octal Number System
Characteristics
• A positional number system
•
Has total 8 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Hence,
• its base = 8
The maximum value of a single digit is 7 (one
• less than the value of the base
Each position of a digit represents a specific
power of the base (8)

(
Octal Number System
• 8) are
Since there are only 8 digits, 3 bits (23
= sufficient to represent any octal number in
binary
Example

20578 = (2 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (5 x 81) + (7 x 80)

= 1024 + 0 + 40 + 7

= 107110
Hexadecimal Number System
Characteristics
• A positional number system
• Has total 16 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F). Hence its base = 16
• The symbols A, B, C, D, E and F represent the
decimal values 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15
respectively
• The maximum value of a single digit is 15 (one less
than the value of the base)
Hexadecimal Number System
• Each position of a digit represents a specific
power of the base (16)
• Since there are only 16 digits, 4 bits (24 = 16) are
sufficient to represent any hexadecimal number in
binary

Example
1AF16
= (1 x 162) + (A x 161) + (F x 160)
= 1 x 256 + 10 x 16 + 15 x 1
= 256 + 160 + 15

= 43110
 Converting a Number of
Another Base to a
Decimal Number
Method

Step 1: Determine the column (positional) value of

each digit

Step 2: Multiply the obtained column values by the

digits in the corresponding columns

Step 3: Calculate the sum of these products

()
Converting a Number of Another Base to a
Decimal Number

Example

47068 = ?10
Common
values
multiplied
47068 = 4 x 83 + 7 x 82 + 0 x 81 + 6 x 80 by the
corresponding
= 4 x 512 + 7 x 64 + 0 + 6 x 1 digits

= 2048 + 448 + 0 + 6 Sum of these

products
= 2502 10
The given hexadecimal number (1E.53)16 is equivalent to

____________
a) (35.684)8
b) (36.246)8
c) (34.340)8
d) (35.599)8

2. The octal number (651.124)8 is equivalent to ______
a) (1A9.2A)16
b) (1B0.10)16
c) (1A8.A3)16
d) (1B0.B0)16
3. The octal equivalent of the decimal number (417)10 is _____
a) (641)8
b) (619)8
c) (640)8
d) (598)8

4. Convert the hexadecimal number (1E2)16 to decimal:
a) 480
b) 483
c) 482
d) 484

5. (170)10 is equivalent to

a) (FD)16
b) (DF)16
c) (AA)16
d) (AF)16
6. Convert (214)8 into decimal:
a) (140)10
b) (141)10
c) (142)10
d) (130)10

7. Convert (0.345)10 into an octal number:
a) (0.16050)8
b) (0.26050)8
c) (0.19450)8
d) (0.24040)8

8. Convert the binary number (01011.1011)2 into decimal:
a) (11.6875)10
b) (11.5874)10
c) (10.9876)10
d) (10.7893)10

9. Octal to binary conversion: (24)8 =?
a) (111101)2
b) (010100)2
c) (111100)2
d) (101010)2

10. Convert binary to octal: (110110001010)2 =?

a) (5512)8
b) (6612)8
c) (4532)8
d) (6745)8
Shortcut Method for Converting a Binary
Number to its Equivalent Octal Number

Method
Step 1: Divide the digits into groups of three starting
from the right

Step 2: Convert each group of three binary digits to

one octal digit using the method of binary to
decimal conversion
Shortcut Method for Converting a Binary Number to its Equivalent
Octal Number
Example
 11010102 = ?8

 Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of 3

starting from right

 001 101 010

 Step 2: Convert each group into one octal digit

0012 = 0 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 1
1012 =5
= 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20
0102 =2
= 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20
Hence, 11010102 = 1528
Shortcut Method for Converting an Octal Number to Its
Equivalent Binary Number
Method
Step Convert each octal digit to a 3 digit binary
number (the octal digits may be treated as
decimal for this conversion)
1:
Step 2: Combine all the resulting binary groups
(of 3 digits each) intoa single
number binary
Shortcut Method for Converting an Octal Number to Its Equivalent
Binary Number
Example
5628 = ?2

Step 1: Convert each octal digit to 3 binary digits

58 = 1012, 68 = 1102, 28 = 0102

Step 2: 5628 Combine

= 101 the
110 010
binary groups
5 6
2
Hence, 5628 = 1011100102
Shortcut Method for Converting a Binary Number
to its Equivalent Hexadecimal Number
Method
Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of four
starting from the right

Step 2: Combine each group of four binary digits

to one hexadecimal digit
 Shortcut Method for Converting a Binary Number to its
Equivalent Hexadecimal Number
Example
1111012 = ?16
Divide the binary digits into groups of four
Step 1: starting from the right

0011 1101

Step 2: Convert each group into a hexadecimal digit

00112 = 316
= 0 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 310
11012 = D16
= 1 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 1310

Hence, 1111012 = 3D16

Method

Step 1: Convert the decimal equivalent of each

hexadecimal digit to a 4 digit binary
number

Step 2: Combine all the resulting binary groups

(of 4 digits each) in a single binary number
Example
2AB16 = ?2

Step 1: Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4

digit binary number

216 = 210 = 00102

A16 = 1010 = 10102

B16 = 1110 = 10112

Step 2: Combine the binary groups
2AB16 = 0010 1010 1011
2 A B

Hence, 2AB16 = 0010101010112

The given hexadecimal number (1E.53)16 is equivalent to ____________
a) (35.684)8
b) (36.246)8
c) (34.340)8
d) (35.599)8
View Answer
2. The octal number (651.124)8 is equivalent to ______
a) (1A9.2A)16
b) (1B0.10)16
c) (1A8.A3)16
d) (1B0.B0)16
View Answer
3. The octal equivalent of the decimal number (417)10 is _____
a) (641)8
b) (619)8
c) (640)8
d) (598)8
View Answer
4. Convert the hexadecimal number (1E2)16 to decimal:
a) 480
b) 483
c) 482
d) 484
View Answer
5. (170)10 is equivalent to
a) (FD)16
b) (DF)16
c) (AA)16
d) (AF)16
6. Convert (214)8 into decimal:
a) (140)10
b) (141)10
c) (142)10
d) (130)10

7. Convert (0.345)10 into an octal number:
a) (0.16050)8
b) (0.26050)8
c) (0.19450)8
d) (0.24040)8

8. Convert the binary number (01011.1011)2 into decimal:

a) (11.6875)10
b) (11.5874)10
c) (10.9876)10
d) (10.7893)10

9. Octal to binary conversion: (24)8 =?
a) (111101)2
b) (010100)2
c) (111100)2
d) (101010)2

10. Convert binary to octal: (110110001010)2 =?
a) (5512)8
b) (6612)8
c) (4532)8
d) (6745)8
Summary -Number Systems

• Decimal number system

• Binary number system
• Octal number system
• Hexadecimal number system
• Convert a number’s base
• Another base to decimal base
• Decimal base to another base

•Some base to another base Shortcut

methods for converting

• Binary to octal number
• Octal to binary number
• Binary to hexadecimal number

•Hexadecimal to binary number Fractional numbers in

binary number system