Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Substances Lesson 2 Properties
Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Substances Lesson 2 Properties
Lesson 1 Substances
and Mixtures
Lesson 2 Properties
of Solutions
Lesson 3 Acid and Base
Solutions
Chapter Wrap-Up
What are solutions, and
how are they described?
What do you think?
Before you begin, decide if you agree or
disagree with each of these statements.
As you view this presentation, see if you
change your mind about any of the
statements.
Do you agree or disagree?
1. You can identify a mixture by looking
at it without magnification.
2. A solution is another name for a
homogeneous mixture.
3. Solutions can be solids, liquids, or
gases.
Do you agree or disagree?
4. A teaspoon of soup is less
concentrated than a cup of the
same soup.
5. Acids are found in many foods.
6. You can determine the exact pH of a
solution by using pH paper.
Substances and Mixtures
• substance
• mixture
• heterogeneous mixture
• homogeneous mixture
• solution
Matter: Substances and Mixtures
• Nearly all types of matter can be sorted
into just two major categories—
substances and mixtures.
• A substance is matter that is always
made up of the same combination of
atoms.
• A compound is matter made of atoms
of two or more elements chemically
bonded together.
Matter: Substances and Mixtures (cont.)
substance
Science Use matter that is always
made of the same combination of
atoms
Common Use any physical material
from which something is made
There are two types of substances—
elements and compounds.
Matter: Substances and Mixtures (cont.)
• A mixture is two or more substances
that are physically blended but are not
chemically bonded together.
• The amounts of each substance in a
mixture can vary.
• There are two different types of
mixtures—heterogeneous and
homogeneous.
Matter: Substances and Mixtures (cont.)
heterogeneous
from Greek heteros, means
“different”; and genos, means “kind”
homogeneous
from Greek homos, means “same”;
and genos, means “kind”
How do compounds and
mixtures differ?
• Because substances that make up a
mixture are not changed chemically,
some of their properties are observed in
the mixture.
• The properties of a compound can be
different from the properties of the
elements that make it up.
How do compounds and
mixtures differ? (cont.)
• Because the substances that make up a
mixture are not bonded together, they
can be separated from each other using
physical methods.
• The difference in physical properties,
such as boiling points, of substances can
be used to separate the substances.
How do compounds and
mixtures differ? (cont.)
• solvent • solubility
• solute • saturated
solution
• polar molecule
• unsaturated
• concentration solution
Parts of Solutions
• The solvent is the substance that exists
in the greatest quantity in a solution.
• All other substances in a solution are
solutes.
Types of Solutions
• Solutions can exist in all three states of
matter—solid, liquid, or gas.
• The state of the solvent, because it exists
in the greatest quantity, determines the
state of the solution
Water as a Solvent
• Water is one of the few substances on
Earth that exists naturally in all three
states—solid, liquid, and gas.
• In nature, water almost always exists as
a solution; it contains dissolved solutes.
• A water molecule is a covalent
compound.
• Water is a polar
molecule—a
molecule with a
slightly negative
end and a slightly
positive end.
• Nonpolar
molecules have
an even
distribution of
charge.
Like Dissolves Like
• Water is often called the universal
solvent because it dissolves many
different substances.
• Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes
easily. Nonpolar solvents dissolve
nonpolar solutes easily.
• Because water is a polar solvent, it
dissolves most polar and ionic solutes.
Like Dissolves Like (cont.)
solubility
from Latin solvere, means
“to loosen”
Solubility—How much can dissolve?
(cont.)
• acid
• hydronium ion
• base
• pH
• indicator
What are acids and bases?
• An acid is a substance that produces a
hydronium ion (H3O+) when dissolved in
water.
• Nearly all acid molecules contain one or
more hydrogen atoms.
• A hydronium ion, H3O+, is a positively
charged ion formed when an acid
dissolves in water.
When an acid mixes with water, the
hydrogen atom separates from the acid
and quickly combines with a water
molecule, resulting in a hydronium ion.
What are acids and bases? (cont.)
• A base is a substance that produces
hydroxide ions (OH–) when dissolved in
water.
• When a hydroxide compound mixes with
water, hydroxide ions separate from the
base and form hydroxide ions in water.
When a hydroxide compound mixes with
water, hydroxide ions separate from the
base and form hydroxide ions in water.
Bases that do not contain hydroxide ions
produce hydroxide ions by taking hydrogen
atoms away from water, leaving hydroxide
ions.
What are acids and bases? (cont.)
A. heterogeneous mixture
B. solute
C. solution
D. substance
Which describes the amount
of a particular solute in a given
amount of solution?
A. saturation
B. solvent
C. solubility
D. concentration
When iodine is dissolved in
alcohol, what term is used to
describe the alcohol?
A. concentrate
B. solvent
C. solution
D. solute
Which is an inverse measure of
the concentration of hydronium
ions in a solution?
A. acid
B. base
C. indicator
D. pH
Which term refers to two or more
substances that are physically
blended but are not chemically
bonded together?
A. compound
B. element
C. mixture
D. solute
Which term refers to a mixture in
which two or more substances
are evenly mixed on the atomic
level but not bonded together?
A. homogeneous mixture
B. heterogeneous mixture
C. element
D. compound
Which term refers to the maximum
amount of solute that can dissolve
in a given amount of solvent at a
given temperature and pressure?
A. concentration
B. nonpolar
C. polar
D. solubility
What term refers to a solution that
contains the maximum amount of
solute the solution can hold at a
given temperature and pressure?
A. unsaturated solution
B. saturated solution
C. homogeneous mixture
D. heterogeneous mixture
Which describes a positively
charged ion formed when an acid
dissolves in water?
A. hydroxide ion
B. hydronium ion
C. base
D. acid