Nursing Theories

Sana Thanoon Ahmed

Assistant professor
Adult nursing
2020-2021
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 INTRODUCTION
Theory: is a group of related concepts that propose
action that guide practice.
O Theory refers to “a group of general propositions
used as principles of explanation”

O propositions derived from nursing models or from

other disciplines

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 INTRODUCTION cont.
O and it project a purposive, systematic view of
phenomena

O by designing specific inter-relationships among

concepts for the purposes of describing, explaining,
predicting, or prescribing.

O Theories are composed of concepts, definitions,

models , propositions and are based on assumptions
.
‫ا))الفتراضات‬

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O Nursing theories are "attempts to describe or explain the
phenomenon (process, occurrence and event.

O Theory is "a creative and rigorous )‫ ص)ارم‬structuring of ideas

that projects IS a purposeful, and systematic view of
phenomena. ‫ النظرية هي"هيكلة خالقة وصارمة لألفكار وللمشاريع هي وجهة نظر هادفة ومنهجية للظواهر‬.

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 DEFINITIONS

Concepts
O Concepts are basically vehicles of thought that
involve images. ‫اداة ل))نقل لا))فكراو لا))صورة‬

O Concepts are words that describe objects

properties, or events and are basic components of
theory.
.

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 NURSING THEORY

Defined as a belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed

as the basis of action. It is an organized framework of
concepts and purposes designed to guide the practice of
nursing.

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 Propositions

O
Propositions are statements that
explain the relationship between the
concepts.

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 Process

Oa series of actions, changes or functions intended to bring

about a desired result..

ODuring a process one takes systemic and continuous steps to meet a goal
and uses both assessments and feedback to direct actions to the goal.

OA particular theory or conceptual frame work directs how these actions

are carried out .

OThe delivery of nursing care within the nursing process is directed by the
way specific conceptual frameworks and theories define the person
(patient), the environment
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 CHARACTERISTICS OF THEORIES

O Interrelate concepts in such a way as to create a

different way of looking at a particular phenomenon.
O Are logical in nature.
O Are generalizable.
O Are the bases for hypotheses that can be tested.
O Increase the general body of knowledge within the
discipline through the research implemented to
validate them.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF THEORIES
cont.
O Are used by the practitioners to guide and
improve their practice.

O Are consistent with other validated theories,

laws, and principles but will leave open
unanswered questions that need to be
investigated ‫ت)))تفقمع) لا))نظريات لوا))قوا)نين لوا))مبادئ ا))ألخرى لا))تي م)ت))) لا))تحقق منه)ا ولكنه)ا س)تترك أ)سئلة مفتوحة ب)))دون إ)جابة‬
‫حتاج لإ))ى لا))تحقيق‬
)))‫ت‬

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 IMPORTANCE OF NURSING THEORIES

O Nursing theory aims to describe, predict and explain

the phenomenon of nursing (Chinn and Jacobs1978).
O It should provide the foundations of nursing practice,
help to generate further knowledge and indicate in
which direction nursing should develop in the future
(Brown 1964).
O Theory is important because it helps us to decide
what we know and what we need to know
(Parsons1949).

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IMPORTANCE OF NURSING THEORIES
cont.
O It helps to distinguish what should form the
basis of practice by explicitly describing
nursing.

O This can be seen as an attempt by the nursing

profession to maintain its professional
boundaries

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 Nursing theory is a useful tool for reasoning, critical
thinking, and decision making in the nursing practice

NURSING THEORY AND THE PRACTICE OF NURSING

O Theory assists the practicing nurse to:
O •Organize patient data
O •Understand patient data
O •Analyze patient data
O •Make decisions about nursing interventions
O •Plan patient care
O •Predict outcomes of care
O •Evaluate patient outcomes

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Theories can also be categorised
as:
O "Needs "theories.
O "Interaction" theories.
O "Outcome "theories.
O "Humanistic theories"

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 Needs" theories
O These theories are based around helping
individuals to fulfil their physical and mental
needs.

O Needs theories have been criticized for relying

too much on the medical model of health and
placing the patient in an overtly dependent
position.

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 Interaction" theories

O These theories revolve around the

relationships nurses form with patients.

O Such theories have been criticized for largely

ignoring the medical model of health and not
attending to basic physical needs.

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 Outcome" theories

O These portray the nurse as the changing force,

who enables individuals to adapt to or cope
with ill health (Roy 1980).

O Outcome theories have been criticized as

difficult to implement in practice (Aggleton
and Chalmers 1988).

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 Humanistic" Theories:

O Humanistic theories emphasize a person’s

capacity for self actualization .
O ‫وتؤكد النظريات اإلنسانية على قدرة الشخص على تحقيق الذات‬

O Humanists believes that the person contains

within himself the potential for healthy and
creative growth.

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Central Concepts in Nursing
O Four concepts are generally considered central
to the discipline of nursing:
O the person who receives nursing care (the
patient or client);
O the environment (society);
O nursing (goals, roles, functions);
O and health

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METAPARADIGM CONCEPTS

THE PERSON

THE ENVIRONMENT

HEALTH

NURSING (GOALS, ROLES & FUNCTIONS

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 CONCLUSION
O Theory and practice are related

O To develop nursing as a profession the concept of

theory must be addressed.

O If nursing theory does not drive the development of

nursing, it will continue to develop in the footsteps
of other disciplines such as medicine
O ‫ فسوف تستمر في التطور على خطى التخصصات األخرى مثل‬، ‫إذا كانت نظرية التمريض ال تقود تطور التمريض‬
‫الطب‬

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 Nursing Theorists
OFlorence Nightingale - Environment theory
OHildegard Peplau - Interpersonal theory
OVirginia Henderson - Need Theory
OFay Abdella - Twenty One Nursing Problems
OIda Jean Orlando - Nursing Process theory
ODorothy Johnson - System model
OMartha Rogers -Unitary Human beings
ODorothea Orem - Self-care theory

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O Imogene King - Goal Attainment theory
O Betty Neuman - System model
O Sister Calista Roy - Adaptation theory
O Jean Watson - Philosophy and Caring Model
O Madeleine Leininger -Transcultural nursing
O Patricia Benner - From Novice to Expert

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O Joyce Travelbee - Human-To-Human Relationship
Model
O Margaret Newman - Health As Expanding
Consciousness
O Katharine Kolcaba - Comfort Theory
O Lydia E. Hall - The Core, Care and Cure
O Rosemarie Rizzo Parse - Human Becoming Theory
O Ernestine Wiedenbach - The Helping Art of
Clinical Nursing 

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 Florence Nightingale- Environmental
Theory
O First nursing theorist
O Unsanitary conditions posed health hazard
(Notes on Nursing, 1859)
O 5 components of environment
O ventilation, light, warmth, effluvia, noise

O External influences can prevent, suppress or

contribute to disease or death.

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 Nightingale’s Concepts

O 1. Person
O Patient who is acted on by nurse
O Affected by environment
O Has reparative powers

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O 2. Environment
O Foundation of theory. Included everything,
physical, psychological, and social

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3. Health
O Maintaining well-being by using a person’s
powers
O Maintained by control of environment

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4. Nursing
O Provided fresh air, warmth, cleanliness, good
diet, quiet to facilitate person’s reparative
process ‫عملية ا))إلصالح‬

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 REFERENCES
O George B. Julia , Nursing Theories- The base for professional
Nursing Practice , 3rd ed. Norwalk, Appleton and Lange.
O Wills M.Evelyn, McEwen Melanie (2002). Theoretical Basis
for Nursing Philadelphia. Lippincott Williamsand wilkins.
O Meleis Ibrahim Afaf (1997) , Theoretical Nursing :
Development and Progress 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott.
O Taylor Carol,Lillis Carol (2001)The Art and Science Of
Nursing Care 4th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott.
O Potter A Patricia, Perry G Anne (1992)Fundamentals Of
Nursing –Concepts Process and Practice 3rd ed. London
Mosby Year Book.

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Thank you

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