Behaviour Based Safety (BBS)

Behaviour Based Safety
(BBS)
Background
 Keys to Affecting Safety Performance
 Equipment
 Systems
 Behaviour
 Attitude (culture)
Where Are We Today
Safety Policies Slogans
Training
FEWER
Reprimands ACCIDENTS Regulations
?
Safety Contests Committees

Meetings & Awards
Where Are We Today
SAFETY
ACTIVITIES
FEWER
AT-RISK
BEHAVIOURS
FEWER
ACCIDENTS
Don’t Blame Employees
 Behaviour is a Function of Management

Systems
 Design Systems for Safe Behaviour
Behaviour Based Safety
 Is a process that relies on an elementary
principle of Behavioral psychology(ABC)
 Addresses individual responsibility and
caring
 Focuses on positive rather than negative
(i.e. discipline)
 Creates Sustained improvement in culture
and performance
What influences Behaviour?
Behaviour
Attitudes Organisational Culture

(Internal Guide) (External Guide)
Human Behaviour
  Observable
 Measurable
therefore
Behaviour can be managed !

Attitudes
are inside a person’s head -therefore they are not

observable or measurable
however
Attitudes can be changed by
changing behaviours
Accident Iceberg
Accident Iceberg
Fatalities
Lost time Accidents
Medical Treatment
First Aids
Near Misses
At-risk
Behaviour
Accident Iceberg
Fatalities
Lost time Accidents
Medical Treatment
First Aids
Near Misses
EXPOSURES
At-risk Behaviour
Conditions Systems/procedures
Accident Iceberg
Fatalities
Lost time Accidents
Medical Treatment
First Aids
Near Misses
EXPOSURES
At-risk Behaviour
1. Enabled 2. Difficult 3. Non-enabled
Types of Behaviour
1. Enabled
 Well within the control of the person
2. Difficult
 Can be done, but takes extra effort
3. Non-enabled
 Not within the control of the person
What kind of Behaviour?
 Changing a light bulb
Lamp on desk Enabled
Light on office ceiling Difficult
Light in sheller Non-enabled

What kind of Behaviour?
 Wearing Safety Glasses
Safety Glasses available,

Cool, clear day Enabled
Safety Glasses available Difficult

Hot, humid day
No Safety Glasses in store Non-enabled

Behaviour Analysis ABC Model
A
Antecedent
Initiating event trigger behaviour)
Behaviour
B
Action or response to initiating event
(human performance)
Consequence
C
Result of behaviour
(either reinforce or punish behaviour)
Perception of consequence drives behaviour

Behaviour Analysis ABC Model
A
Antecedent
Anything which precedes and Telephone
Rings
sets the stage for behaviour
B
Behaviour
An observable act Answer
Phone
C Consequence
Anything which directly follows
from the behaviour
Talk to
Caller
What Controls Behaviour?
Consequences
CONTROL
Behaviour
What Influences Behaviour?
Antecedents
INFLUENCE
Behaviour
Only to the extent that they predict

Consequences
3 Factors affect consequences
 Timing
 Soon/Later
 Consistency
 Certain/Uncertain
 Significance
 Positive/Negative
Consequences that are most powerful are:
S C +
Soon Certain Positive
Example: ABC
Why person is
not wearing face shield
when mixing chemicals…
A B C
Not available Injury SU–
Peer pressure Reprimand S/L U
Failure to wear
In a hurry face shield Saves time SC+
No-one else does Comfort SC+
Lack of training Convenience SC+
Time of day Peer approval S C +
Scratched / dirty Better vision SC+
Risk perception
Anticipation of
consequences
How to Reduce At-Risk Behaviour
 Eliminate Antecedents
 Get new face shields
 Eliminate Positive Consequences

 Locate face shields next to mixing chemical
room
How to Increase Safe Behaviour
 Improve Antecedents
 Review face and chemical injuries
at safety meetings
 Remind people before job to wear
shields
 Improve Consequences
 Positive feedback for wearing shield
One powerful way of influencing Behaviour
 FEEDBACK
 Feedback is information about performance
in relation to a goal
 Feedback is a consequence
Why is ABC Important?
 We need to know what consequences motivate
people in order to understand how to change
behaviour
 Need to reduce motivators that drive unsafe

behaviour
 Need to enhance motivators that drive safe

behaviour
The Observation Procedure
Provide Verbal Feedback
 Stop accidents
 Be positive and respectful
 Emphasise things done safely
 Don’t argue
 Talk with, not at, people
 Provide assistance/solve problems

Changing behaviour through Feedback
 Feedback is information about performance in
relation to a goal
 Feedback is a consequence
 Feedback can
 Communicate a standard
 Help shift risk perception
 Increase self observation
 Provide accurate information on performance
 Strengthen safety culture
 Uncover hidden barriers
Barriers
 Observations Identify Barriers

Consequences
Safe Behaviour
?
BARRIERS
Antecedents
At-risk Behaviour
Consequences
Examples of Barriers
 Unsafe behaviour can get the job done

faster
 It won’t happen to me
 I’m a special case
 (better, faster, smarter, etc..)
Barriers to Continuous Safety Improvement
 Hazard Recognition and Response
 Business Systems
 Rewards/Recognition
 Facility and Equipment
 Disagreement on Safe Practices
 Personal Factors
 Culture
 Personal Choice
Implementation
 4 Steps:
1. Identify behaviours
2. Observation
3. Feedback
4. Removing barriers
BBS Safety Initiative
DATA FLOW CHART
DATABASE COLLECTION
JOB
JOB
OBSERVER
SAFETY BEHAVIOUR COMMITTEE

Steps to Behaviour Safety
ACTIVITY DATE BY WHOM
1. Awareness sessions
2. Safety behaviour committee

training
3. Behaviour inventory checklist
training
4. Name & goals for safety
behaviour team
5. Promotion talks & confirmation
of behaviour inventory checklist.
Nominate observers.
6. Observer training. Feedback
training
7. Implementation: data gathering
- Observations
- Feedback
- Identifying barriers
- Providing data for database
- Publicity
8. Safety committee meetings:
removing barriers
9. Observer quality workshop
10. Sustainability
6. Observer training. Feedback
training
7. Implementation: data gathering
- Observations
- Feedback
- Identifying barriers
- Providing data for database
- Publicity
8. Safety committee meetings:
removing barriers
9. Observer quality workshop
10. Sustainability
Behavior based safety (BBS)
Behavior based safety (BBS) is a process that helps you and your co-
workers identify and choose a safe behaviour over an unsafe one
• For BBS to work, all levels of company workers and management

must work together
• BBS looks at how three things interact to improve safety

– Person
– Work Environment
– Behavior
Dr. Geller’s Safety Triad
Three elements of the safety triad
• Person – knowledge, skills, abilities, intelligence, motives, personality,
attitudes, and values
• Environment – equipment, tools, machines, housekeeping, heat/cold,
engineering, materials, safety rules, standards, operating procedures
• Behavior – complying, coaching, recognizing, communicating, actively
caring
To ensure safety
• Actively care about environment and improving workplace conditions

• Acknowledge personal rights and motivate workers to be safe
• Reduce at-risk behaviours and increase safe behaviours
Principles of Behavior Based Safety Basic principles of BBS
Basic principles of BBS
• Behavior is a cause of accidents

• Observe – measure – manage
• Feedback is essential to improvement
• Consequences motivate behavior
• Communication is the key • Participation creates ownership
• Continuous improvement happens when we work together
• Be proactive rather than reactive
Behavior versus Attitude
• Behavior - what you do
• Attitude - what you think, feel, or believe
– BBS strives to instill a safety-oriented attitude
– A bad attitude may result in
o Committing an unsafe act
o Failing to do something you should or could have done
to prevent an accident
– Many accidents are directly related to workers’ attitudes
Your attitude and behaviour (actions) create the proper atmosphere for
safety
• It is vital that you and every worker be involved in creating a safety
atmosphere
• Supervisors and managers must lead by example
Behavior versus Attitude
Barriers to safe behavior
• Untrained or unskilled workers

• Complacency
• Disagreement on safe practices
• Personal choice
• Culture
•Ineffective management systems
• Inappropriate rewards
• Poor facilities and equipment
ABC Model
One way to look at how changing your behavior can improve safety is the ABC
Model
• A = Activator – triggers behavior
• B = Behavior – what we do
• C = Consequence – reinforcement or punishment
• Your attitude (the activator) affects how you behave
• Your behavior has consequences
– Consequences can either reinforce or deter a behavior
– Positive reinforcement enforces safe behavior
– Negative reinforcement deters unsafe behavior
• BBS training attempts to reduce work-related injuries by creating a culture of
safe behavior through
– Observation
– Feedback
– Positive intervention
Situations of Accident Potential
Look out for situations of accident potential (SOAP)
• Recognize potential hazards or safety problems
• Fix these problems before you start a job
• Observe SOAP when you get to the jobsite
• Be proactive
• Recognize threats that may not be immediately obvious
– A slippery spot on the ground
– A nail sticking up in a board 11 PPT
Building a BBS Program
Four Key Components to BBS Programs
1.Correct behavior list
1. – Determine the safe way to do the job
2. Observation card
– Observe and record unsafe behaviors
3. Feedback process
– Deliver feedback immediately following an observation
4. Measurement tool
– BBS is an ongoing process
Correct Behavior List

• Identify unsafe behaviors
• Determine the alternate safe behavior
• Use this list to know what to look for in observation
Observation Process
• Know how to observe for
– Unsafe acts
– Unsafe conditions
– SOAP
• Know how to
– Stop work
– Correct unsafe behaviors
– Report unsafe behaviors to management
o Workers must not be penalized for reporting unsafe behaviors
Six steps to observation process
1.Observe
– Observe the job to make sure you understand what the worker is
doing and provide necessary feedback
2. Understand
– Communicate effectively; make sure the workers understand why
Observation Process
2. Understand
– Communicate effectively; make sure the workers understand why
their behavior is unsafe
3. Identify alternate behavior
– Coach the worker in the correct, safe behavior and allow change for
safer way of getting the job done
4. Clarify commitment
– Make it clear that workers are committed to doing the job safely
through feedback and positive intervention
5. Obtain agreement
– Workers must agree to change unsafe behavior to an alternate safe
behavior
6. Observe to follow-up
– Observe workers at a later date to make sure they are using the safe behavior;
reinforce the safe behavior with positive feedback…
Roles and Responsibilities of BBS
Managers
• Provide oversight for supervisors
• Understand the BBS process
• Eliminate organizational issues
Supervisors
• Keep all personal observation data confidential
• Ensure that no disciplinary actions are taken because of observation
• Provide enough time for workers to perform observations and properly
document them
• Understand what the data is saying about safety performance
• Remove any barriers to safe behavior
• Make BBS a part of daily operations for themselves and their workers
Roles and Responsibilities of BBS
Workers
• Develop a positive safety attitude
• Participate in BBS training
• Understand and participate in BBS process
• Participate in safety meetings that support the BBS process
• Keep an eye on fellow coworkers
• Take a direct role in making sure everyone is working safely
Safety/Steering Committee
• Develop action plan based on reported observations

• Communicate issues at safety meetings
• Make safety recommendations to management
• Provide BBS training to ensure all workers are using the program consistently
8.1 What does Human Factors Causing Accidents mean?
Human factors causing accidents are factors that contribute to an

accident and are directly attributable to the operator, worker, or
personnel involved in an accident.
The human factors include but also go beyond wilful violations of

safety rules or blatantly engaging in risky behavior. They include
factors such as inattention, fatigue, and impairment from drugs or
alcohol.
Human Factors Causing Accidents
It is important to consider and assess the human factors when

investigating an accident. But this by no means condones or advocates
placing blame on the workers. Many of the human factors causing
accidents are not wilful behaviors.
Human factors are responsible for large number of accidents that occur
in a workplace. The following human factors are common causes of
accidents:
•Memory lapses (including forgetting a step in the work process or a

safety measure)
•Impaired judgment or reduced reasoning power
•Inattention or distraction
Human Factors Causing Accidents
• Delayed or false sensation of the sensory organs

• Lack of competence and experience
• Skill level inadequate for the task performed
• Personality or attitude, such as negligence, arrogance, or overconfidence
• Poor risk perception due to poor knowledge and experience
Accidents caused by human factors may be prevented or reduced by

implementing the following preventative measures:
•Training and awareness
•Supervision, monitoring, and controlling
•Feedback and reports
•Frequent inspections and audits
•Skill development
•Education

Behaviour Based Safety (BBS)

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Behaviour Based Safety (BBS)

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Behaviour Based Safety

Safety Contests Committees

 Behaviour is a Function of Management

Attitudes Organisational Culture

Behaviour can be managed !

are inside a person’s head -therefore they are not

Lamp on desk Enabled

Light on office ceiling Difficult

Light in sheller Non-enabled

Safety Glasses available,

Safety Glasses available Difficult

No Safety Glasses in store Non-enabled

Perception of consequence drives behaviour

Only to the extent that they predict

 Eliminate Positive Consequences

 Need to reduce motivators that drive unsafe

 Need to enhance motivators that drive safe

 Be positive and respectful

 Emphasise things done safely

 Talk with, not at, people

 Provide assistance/solve problems

 Observations Identify Barriers

 Unsafe behaviour can get the job done

SAFETY BEHAVIOUR COMMITTEE

2. Safety behaviour committee

• For BBS to work, all levels of company workers and management

• BBS looks at how three things interact to improve safety

• Actively care about environment and improving workplace conditions

Basic principles of BBS

• Behavior is a cause of accidents

• Untrained or unskilled workers

Correct Behavior List

• Develop action plan based on reported observations

Human factors causing accidents are factors that contribute to an

The human factors include but also go beyond wilful violations of

It is important to consider and assess the human factors when

•Memory lapses (including forgetting a step in the work process or a

• Delayed or false sensation of the sensory organs

Accidents caused by human factors may be prevented or reduced by

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