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    Cellular Respiration

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    Khristel Penoliar
    Cellular respiration is the set of metabolic reactions that convert nutrients into ATP and release waste. It has four main stages: 1. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH. 2. Pyruvate oxidation converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, producing NADH. 3. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA, producing more NADH, FADH2, and GTP (converted to ATP). 4. The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to pump protons across a membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient used by ATP synthase to produce most of the cell's ATP

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    Cellular Respiration

    Uploaded by

    Khristel Penoliar
    26 views41 pages
    Cellular respiration is the set of metabolic reactions that convert nutrients into ATP and release waste. It has four main stages: 1. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH. 2. Pyruvate oxidation converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, producing NADH. 3. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA, producing more NADH, FADH2, and GTP (converted to ATP). 4. The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to pump protons across a membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient used by ATP synthase to produce most of the cell's ATP

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    CELLULAR-RESPIRATION

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    Cellular respiration is the set of metabolic reactions that convert nutrients into ATP and release waste. It has four main stages: 1. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH. 2. Pyruvate oxidation converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, producing NADH. 3. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA, producing more NADH, FADH2, and GTP (converted to ATP). 4. The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to pump protons across a membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient used by ATP synthase to produce most of the cell's ATP

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    26 views41 pages

    Cellular Respiration

    Uploaded by

    Khristel Penoliar
    Cellular respiration is the set of metabolic reactions that convert nutrients into ATP and release waste. It has four main stages: 1. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH. 2. Pyruvate oxidation converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, producing NADH. 3. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA, producing more NADH, FADH2, and GTP (converted to ATP). 4. The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to pump protons across a membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient used by ATP synthase to produce most of the cell's ATP

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    of 41

    CELLULAR

    RESPIRATION
    CELLULAR RESPIRATION
    CELLULAR RESPIRATION
    n. \sel-ye-ler\ \res-pe-ra-shen\

     a set of metabolic reactions and


    processes that take place in the cells of
    organisms to convert biochemical energy
    from nutrients into ATP, and then release
    waste products
    1 GLYCOLYSIS
    PYRUVATE
    OXIDATIO 2
    3
    N
    KREBS
    KREBS
    CYCLE
    CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT
    CHAIN 4
    GLYCOLYSIS
    What is glycolysis?
     “Splitting sugars”

     10-step process

     Goal is to make ATP, a storage form


    of energy

     Occurs in cytoplasm
    GLYCOLYSI
    S
    Energy investment Energy
    phase production
    phase
    1 KINASE

    Adds phosphate into glucose


    Forms Gloucose-6-phosphate
    ATP to ADP
    Irreversible
    2 ISOMERASE

    Gloucose-6-phosphate to
    Fructose-6-phosphate by
    rearranging covalent bonds
    3 KINASE

    Removes of phosphate group


    from ATP to form
    Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
    Irreversible
    4 LYASE

    Splits
    Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
    into two, three-carbon sugars
    5 ISOMERASE

    Dihydroxyacetatone phosphate
    is rearranged into another G3P
    Consumed two ATPs
    GLUCOSE
    Created two G3Ps
    6 DEHYDROGENAS
    E
    Both G3Ps are oxidized into
    1,3-bisphosphogylcerate

    This produces one NADH for


    each oxidized G3Ps
    7 KINASE

    Transfer of phosphate from 1,3-


    bisphosphogylcerate to ADP to
    form ATP

    Reversible
    8 MUTASE

    Movement of phosphate from


    3rd carbon to 2nd carbon to create
    2-phosphoglycerate
    9 LYASE

    Removes water from 2-


    phosphoglycerate and forms
    phosphoenolpyruvate
    10 KINASE
    Removes phosphate from
    phosphoenolpyruvate and gives
    it to ADP

    Forms ATP and Pyruvate

    Irreversible
    2 Pyruvate
    1 GLUCOSE 4 ATPs
    2 NADH

    Pyruvate and NADH enter the


    mitochondria
    PYRUVATE OXIDATION
    ii Pyruvate oxidation
    Each pyruvate is oxidized into Acetyl-CoA

    Electrons are transferred to


    NAD producing NADH and a
    carbon is lost, forming CO2
    Acetyl-CoA acts as fuel for the
    Krebs Cycle
    KREBS CYCLE
    What is the Krebs Cycle?
     From Hans Adolf Krebs

     Citric Acid Cycle or Triacarboxylic Cycle

     Also takes place in mitochondrial matrix

     Involves 8 reactions
    1 CITRATE
    SYNTHASE
    Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate
    forms Citrate
    2 ACONITASE

    Aconitase converts Citrate


    into Isocitrate
    3 ISOCITRATE
    DEHYDROGENASE
    (6 carbon) Isocitrate is
    oxidized into alpha-
    Ketoglutarate (5 carbon)

    CO2 is released

    NADH formed
    4 a-KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE

    alpha-Ketoglutarate into (4
    carbon) Succinyl-CoA

    CO2 is released

    NADH formed
    5 SUCCINYL-COA SYNTHETASE

    Succinyl-CoA to Succinate

    Produces GTP from GDP


    6 SUCCINYL DEHYDROGENASE

    Succinate to Fumarate

    Produces FADH2
    7 FUMARATE HYDRATASE

    Fumarate to Malate
    8 MALATE DEHYDROGENASE

    Malate back to Oxaloacetate

    Production of NADH
    Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA Krebs
    1 GLUCOSE Cycle
    Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA 2x
    4 CO2
    1 GLUCOSE 6 NADH
    2 FADH2
    2 ATP
    Proteins and Fats can also
    provide carbon substrates to
    fuel the Citric Acid Cycle

    This metabolism provides the


    vital energy necessary to
    maintain many cellular
    processes
    ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
    What is the ETC?
     Occurs in mitochondrial membrane

     Has 4 complexes and 2 mobile carriers

     It is the movement of electrons from high to


    low energy
    2 electrons are passed from NADH 2 e- are transferred to ubiquinone and
    into the NADH Dehydrogenase. One moves it to cytochrome bc-1 complex
    Hydrogen ion is pumped for each e-
    Cytochrome c accepts and transports Cytochrome oxidase requires 4 e-
    e- one at a time. One H ion is also which interact with 8 Hydrogen ions
    pumped to the complex and molecular Oxygen. 2 H2O
    molecules are formed.
    Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

    These processes create a gradient in


    which its potential energy will be used
    by ATP Synthase to form ATP.

    All the high energy e- carriers from the previous stages of


    cellular respiration bring their e- into the chain. Here, the bulk
    of ATP is produced: a net of 32-36 ATPs
    Lactic Acid fermentation

    NADH transfers its electrons directly to


    pyruvate, generating lactate as a byproduct

    Alcohol fermentation

    NADHN, A, D, H donates its electrons to a derivative


    of pyruvate, producing ethanol

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