Behaviourism Presentation 1
Behaviourism Presentation 1
Instructor
Ma’am Noreen
Presented by
Hamna Latif (026)
Fareeha Azhar (021)
Rafia Dastgir (013)
CONTENT
Introduction
Behaviorism as a learning theory
Major Behaviorist Beliefs
Historical background
Ivan Pavlov (Classical conditioning)
John Broadus Watson
B.F Skinner (Operant conditioning)
INTRODUCTION
Behaviorism:
“A psychological approach concerned with observable measurable
behavior.“
Deals with:
• Learning as a more or less permanent change in behavior.
• The learner’s passive adaption to the environment.
Beliefs:
Stimulus and not consciousness produces reflexive processes.
Learned and not auto-physiological processes constitute behavior.
Unconditioned stimulus + Neutral stimulus = Conditioned stimulus.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Before conditioning
US (food) UR (salivation)
NS (bell) No response
During conditioning
US (food)+ NS (bell) UR (salivation)
After conditioning
CS (bell) CR (salivation)
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Famous quote “ Provide me with dozen healthy infants and he will shape
them…”.
Human qualities, abilities and race are not conceive from their ancestors.
Condition Environment Behavior
Everything is pattern of stimulus and response.
No existence of consciousness.
EXPERIMENT
Before conditioning:
NS(rat) No fear
UR(Fear) Hammer striking steel bar
During conditioning:
NS(rat) US(Hammer striking steel bar) UR(Fear)
After conditioning:
CS(rat) CR(Fear)
B.F SKINNER
OPERANT CONDITIONING
(1904-1990)
Definition:
1. “It is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishment for behavior”
2. “An individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence”
Key Points:
1. Skinner introduced a term in Law of Effect that was Reinforcement.
Positive Reinforcement: Reward
Negative Reinforcement: Adverse Stimulus is removed
EXPERIMENT
Advantage:
• Ability to define behavior clearly and measure changes in behavior.
Disadvantage:
• Only provides a partial account of human behavior.