Behaviourism Presentation 1

BEHAVIORISM
Instructor
Ma’am Noreen
Presented by
Hamna Latif (026)
Fareeha Azhar (021)
Rafia Dastgir (013)
CONTENT
 Introduction
 Behaviorism as a learning theory
 Major Behaviorist Beliefs
 Historical background
 Ivan Pavlov (Classical conditioning)
 John Broadus Watson
 B.F Skinner (Operant conditioning)
INTRODUCTION
Behaviorism:
“A psychological approach concerned with observable measurable
behavior.“
Behavior is the individual act or function in a particular situation.

BEHAVIORISM AS A LEARNING THEORY
Deals with:
• Learning as a more or less permanent change in behavior.
• The learner’s passive adaption to the environment.
No reference to the mental processes.

Behaviors can be measured and molded.
MAJOR BEHAVIORIST BELIEFS
Free will is an illusion.

Humans are shaped by their external environment.
Positive reinforcement causes individuals to perform the behavior on their
own.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Pavlov (1897) published his experiment on conditioning.

Watson conditioned Albert B and transformed behavioral psychology
(early 1900s).
Skinner (1936) introduced the concepts of operant conditioning.
Skinner (1948) described a utopian society founded upon behaviorist
principles.
Bandura (1963) argued that free will is an illusion.
MAJOR APPROACHES TO BEHAVIORISM
Conditioned Reflexes by Ivan Pavlov

Experimental method by John B. Watson
Operant conditioning by B. F. Skinner
IVAN PAVLOV
RUSSIAN PHYSIOLOGIST
(1849-1936)
Beliefs:
Stimulus and not consciousness produces reflexive processes.
 Learned and not auto-physiological processes constitute behavior.
Unconditioned stimulus + Neutral stimulus = Conditioned stimulus.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Classical conditioning is a learning technique associated with the relation

between a stimulus and its response.
It is a method that involves stimulating a subject’s mind to get a particular
response from it.
Also known as “Pavlovian” or “Respondent conditioning”
EXPERIMENT
Pavlov in 1890, researched salivation in dogs.

Food was presented to the dog, results in uncontrollable innate reaction.
The dog was presented a bell, dog does not give any response.
Dog was given bell and food.
Then the bell was only presented to the dog, but it starts salivating.
FLOW CHART
Before conditioning
US (food) UR (salivation)
NS (bell) No response
During conditioning
US (food)+ NS (bell) UR (salivation)
After conditioning
CS (bell) CR (salivation)
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
According to Pavlov’s experiment:

Classical conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired
with an unconditioned stimulus (US).
JOHN BROADUS WATSON
FATHER OF BEHAVIORISM
(1878-1958)
 Environmental factors influence a lot on human behavior.
 Famous quote “ Provide me with dozen healthy infants and he will shape
them…”.
 Human qualities, abilities and race are not conceive from their ancestors.
 Condition Environment Behavior
 Everything is pattern of stimulus and response.
 No existence of consciousness.
EXPERIMENT
 9 months old Albert was exposed to stimuli and observed.
 1st day white rat was accepted by the baby.

 2nd day with rat the baby was provided with a fearful voice.
 Baby associated that voice with the rat.
 3rd day baby didn’t accepted the rat even without the fearful voice.
FLOW CHAT
 Before conditioning:
NS(rat) No fear
UR(Fear) Hammer striking steel bar
 During conditioning:
NS(rat) US(Hammer striking steel bar) UR(Fear)
 After conditioning:
CS(rat) CR(Fear)
B.F SKINNER
OPERANT CONDITIONING
(1904-1990)
 Definition:
1. “It is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishment for behavior”
2. “An individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence”
Key Points:
1. Skinner introduced a term in Law of Effect that was Reinforcement.
Positive Reinforcement: Reward
Negative Reinforcement: Adverse Stimulus is removed
EXPERIMENT
 In 1948 experiment was conducted on a rat.
 Rat was placed in the Skinner Box.

 The box contained lights, buttons, liver, and many more things.
 1 button provides him the shock.
 Another button provides him with the food.
EXPERIMENT
CRITICISM
By Psychological approach:

• The unconscious mind’s influence is not considered.
• People have instincts by birth.
By Humanistic approach:

• Artificial experimental environments have low ecological validity.
• Humans have free will and are not comparable to animals.
CONCLUSION
Advantage:
• Ability to define behavior clearly and measure changes in behavior.
Disadvantage:
• Only provides a partial account of human behavior.
Despite all, it made a significant contribution to psychology.

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BEHAVIORISM

Behavior is the individual act or function in a particular situation.

No reference to the mental processes.

Free will is an illusion.

Pavlov (1897) published his experiment on conditioning.

Conditioned Reflexes by Ivan Pavlov

Classical conditioning is a learning technique associated with the relation

Pavlov in 1890, researched salivation in dogs.

According to Pavlov’s experiment:

 Environmental factors influence a lot on human behavior.

 9 months old Albert was exposed to stimuli and observed.

 1st day white rat was accepted by the baby.

 In 1948 experiment was conducted on a rat.

 Rat was placed in the Skinner Box.

By Psychological approach:

By Humanistic approach:

Despite all, it made a significant contribution to psychology.

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