Advances in Optical Networks
Advances in Optical Networks
Advances in Optical Networks
SONET
1
Overview
2
Fundamentals of Optical Networks
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Fiber Optic Medium
Core
Medium Where Light
Travels
Cladding
Reflects Light Back into
the Core
Buffer Coating
Protective Coating
4
Variants of Fiber Optic
Single-Mode Multi-Mode
Small Core Large Core
Approximately 9 Approximately 62.5
Microns Microns
Uses IR Laser Light Uses Light Emitting
Transmitter Diode Transmitter
Greater then 10 Less then 10 Miles*
Miles* Least Expensive
Most Expensive *Without Regeneration
5
Types of Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing
(TDM)
Simplest Implementation
Uses Single Wavelength
Wavelength Division
Multiplexing (WDM)
Complex Implementation
Multiple Wavelengths on a Single
Fiber to Increase Bandwidth
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Types of Optical Networks
Processor
Strong Weak
Optical Optical
Optical Optical
Transceiver Transceiver
Signal Signal
Electronic
Circuit
Pathway
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Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
Pump Laser
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Optical Network Equipment
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Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer
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Topologies
Ring Topology
Data Moves in One Direction around 1st Ring
If Failure Occurs, Traffic is Rerouted in Opposite
Direction on 2nd Ring
Each Ring is ½ Total Capacity
Self-Maintaining
Mesh Topology
Locations are Linked to 2 or More Other Locations
If a Link Fails, Traffic is Rerouted around the Failure
Requires Routes to be Established Before Failure
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Ring Topology
Internet
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Mesh Topology
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Sample of Optical Network
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Telecom Terminology
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Telecom Circuits
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Development of Laser Technology
Lasers Yield Higher Energy then LEDs Allowing for Longer Distance
Before Regeneration
Development of Pure-Optical Technology
Eliminating Optical-Electronic-Optical Conversion for Regeneration
& Routing Increase Speed
Possibility to Breach 10 Gb Barrier
Wave Division Multiplexing & Dense Wave Division
Multiplexing
Using Multiple Wavelengths Capacity Can Be Increased Upwards of
92 Times the Capacity of a Single Wavelength
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ANSI Transmission Standard
United States
Canada
Korea
Taiwan
Hong Kong
SDH used in Rest of the World
Interoperable with SONET
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Description
Physical-Layer Standard
Four-Layer Protocol Stack
TDM Creates Synchronous Channels
Multiplex Many Types of Traffic into Uniform Streams
onto Fiber Optic Cabling
Used Primarily as Backbone for ATM
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Not Well Suited for Data Because of Native 64 kilobit
“chunks”
Utilizes Ring Topology for Reliability
Low Maintenance do to Automatic Protection Switching
(APS)
Operations, Provisioning, Monitoring and Maintenance
Functions are Done Uniformly and Efficiently
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Typical SONET Ring is Single Wavelength Opaque Network
(Circa 2000)
Entire Ring Must Operate at the Same Speed
Adding Capacity to Rings Takes a Long Time and Typically
Constitute a New Ring Due to Convenience
Recent use of IP Over SONET
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Four-Layers of SONET
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STS-1 Frame
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Line Overhead
18-Bytes
Supports
Locating the Payload in
the Frame
Multiplexing or
Concatenating Signals
Performance Monitoring
Automatic Protection
Switching (APS)
Line Maintenance
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Path Overhead
9 Evenly Distributed
Path Overhead Bytes
per 125 Microseconds
Supports
Performance Monitoring
of Payload
Signal Label
Path Status
Path Trace
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SONET Virtual Tributaries
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SONET Multiplexing Hierarchy
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ATM Over SONET
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ATM Cell
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ATM Cell Header
37
ATM Header
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Problems with ATM
“Cell Tax” 53-Byte ATM Cells are too Small for Most
Data Traffic
Ex: Requires Two 53-Byte ATM Cells to Transfer the
Smallest IP Data Packet (64-Bytes)
5-Byte Tax for Every 48-Bytes of Data for ATM vs. 1,500-
Bytes with Minimal Overhead in Ethernet (Best Case)
IP over ATM losses 20% of SONET Rate
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IP Over SONET
40
Promising Future
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Issues to be Addressed
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SDH
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SONET vs. SDH
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SDH Connections
10 Gb Barrier
OC-768
Tunable Lasers
SONET and Metro Ethernet
Which is Best for MAN?
IP Over SONET vs. IP Over Fiber
Fiber Infrastructure without SONET
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