Properties of

Matter
Chemistry (Form 1)

Properties of Matter 1
 Table Of Contents
Chapter Topic Pages
7.1 Properties of Matter 3
7.2 Properties of Gases 7
7.3 Density 8
7.4 States of Matter 10
7.5 Particles of Matter 14
7.6 The Effect of Heat on Matter 18
7.7 Melting and Solidifying 22
7.8 Boiling and Condensing 25
7.9 Evaporation 27
7.10 Sublimation 31

Properties of Matter 2
 What is Matter?
• Matter is everything around you that has mass and occupies space. Matter can be in one
of three forms: a solid, liquid and gas.
• Example of solid matter:
• Rocks
• Iron
• Glass
• Example of liquid matter:
• Water
• Gasoline
• Example of gas matter:
• Air

Properties of Matter 3
 Solids, Liquids and Gases
• Solids, liquids and gases all occupied space and have mass (or
weight), oven gases such as air. Air just has a much smaller mass than
solids and liquids.

Properties of Matter 4
 Properties of Matter
• Table showing the differences between the three states of matter.
Properties Solids Liquids Gases
Shape Has a fixed shape Does not have a fixed Does not have a fixed
shape. It will take the shape
shape of container
Volume Has fixed volume Has fixed volume Does not have a fixed
shape
Can be compressed (squashed) Cannot be compressed Cannot be compressed Can be compressed
Hardware Most are very hard with Not hard Not hard
some exception

Properties of Matter 5
 Key Terms
• Space- the volume occupied by matter
• Solid- the form of a substance with a rigid structure and set volume
• Liquid- the form of a substance with a rigid structure but a set volume
• Gases- the form of a substance with neither a rigid structure nor a set
volume
• Rigid- form and set in place
• Flow- the continuous movement of a fluid material

Properties of Matter 6
 Properties of Gases
(Key Terms)
• Volume- the space occupied by a three- dimensioned object or
substance
All gases have mass and volume we can do experiments to show that
gases have weight mass that they also take up space.

Properties of Gases 7
Properties of Gases

Properties of Matter 8
 Density
(Key Term)
• Density- is the radio of the mass of an object to it.

Properties of Matter 9
 Density
• The mass of a substance indicates the amount of matter of which it is
made. The volume of a substance is amount of space it occupies.
• When mass is divided by volume the result tells you how heavy a
volume of 1cm3 of the substance is, the more tightly packed are the
particles that make up the stance. Therefore particles there are to a
given volume of substance, the more dense the substance.
• The density (D) of a solid is given by the ratio of its mass (m) to its
volume (V), using the formula:

Density 10
 Density
•  D=m/v
• In this formula mass is in grams (g) and volume in cm3. The result is
the density in g/cm3
• Density:

Density 11
 States of Matter
• All matter is made up of tiny units called particles. All matter has
mass and volume. But matter exists in different forms. One way of
classifying matter is by the state in which it exists. These states are:
solid, liquid and gas.
• We can states of matter by observing physical properties are features
or characteristics that can we can observe without changing the
substance.

States of Matter 12
 States of Matter
• Solids have a definite volume and a rigid structure, which makes a
definite shapes.
• Liquids have a definite volume but no rigid structure so they keep no
definite shape. They take the shape of the part of a container that they
are in.
• Gases have neither definite volume nor shape

States of Matter 13
 States of Matter
• The properties of solids, liquids and gases and the arrangement of the
particles in them are shown in below.

States of Matter 14
 States of Matter
• The arrangement of particles in a solid, liquid and gas, and the main
properties of each states.
• Liquids and gases are both fluids they can flow because their particles
are able to easily slide over each other.

States of Matter 15
 Particles of Matter
(Key Terms)
• Bond- the force of attraction between particles, holding matter
together.
• Compress- squeeze into a small space.
• Kinetic Energy- is a form of energy caused by movement. When
objects are movement or are in motion, the energy they have is called
kinetic energy.

Particles of Matter 16
 Particles of Matter
• Bonds between particles
• The tiny particles that make up matter are held together by forces
called bonds. The way in which particles are arranged determines
wether a substance is solid and liquid or gas.

Particles of Matter 17
 Particles of Matter
Bonds Solids Liquids Gases
Bonds Very strong bonds Bonds between particles There are no bonds
between particles are weak between
Shape Keep it Shape Takes the shape of its Takes the shape of its
Volume Volume is fixed Volume is fixed Volume is not fixed
Compress/Squeezed Cannot be compressed Cannot be compressed Can be compressed
Because the particles have Because the particles have Because the particles have
strong bonds they cannot weak bonds, they are able no bonds they have the
Behaviour of Particles moves as they don’t have use their kinetic energy to kinetic energy to be able
enough kinetic energy to break those bonds. to move.
break their bonds.

Particles of Matter 18
 Particles of Matter
• Bonds in States of Matter

Particles of Matter 19
 The Effect of Heat on Matter
(Key Term)
• Melt- when a substance changes from a solid to a liquid
• Temperature- a measure of how hot an object is
• Heat Energy- energy produced based on a change in temperature.
• Solidify- when a liquid changes from to a solid

The Effect of Heat on Matter 20

 The Effect of Heat on Matter
• If we observe 4 different materials; ice, butter, candle and wax; in an
experiment, we can see the different effects of heat on them.
• All four materials in the activities started as solids. At room
temperature only the ice melted.
• With a slightly warmer temperature over the water both, the butter
melted while it took more energy to melt the candle and the wax.

The Effect of Heat on Matter 21

 The Effect of Heat on Matter
• Melting points of these solids:
• ICE- 32 degrees
• BUTTER- 35 degrees
• LIPSTCK- 65 degrees
• WAX- 68 degrees

The Effect of Heat on Matter 22

 The Effect of Heat on Matter
• This shows that each substance has a different melting point. When the
temperature of a substance reaches its melting point, the particles of
the substance have gained enough energy to move faster and further
apart. As the particles move apart, they over come the bonds between
them and they become fluid.

The Effect of Heat on Matter 23

 Melting and Solidifying
(Key Terms)
• Solidify- when a liquid changes to a solid.
• Freezing- when a substance changes from a liquid to a solid because
of a change in temperature
• Change of State- the transformation of the form of a substance
• Reversible- the ability for a substance to return to its original form
when it is transformed
• Physical Change- a transformation that does not alter the substance of
the matter

Melting and Solidifying 24

 Melting and Solidifying
• At temperature between 0 degrees calcium and 100 oC, water is in the
liquid state.
• At any temperature below 0 degrees, water will be in the solid state
called ice. We can then say that the freezing point of water is 0 degrees
calcium.
• Water freezes at this low temperature because as the temperature is
low temperature because as the temperature is lowered or decreased by
the freezer, the water particles lose energy. When the particles lose
energy their bonds become stronger and they form a solid

Melting and Solidifying 25

 Melting and Solidifying
• Melting and solidification are both changes of state. These are
reversible processes. The change can go either way, depending on the
temperature and the flow of heat energy.

Melting and Solidifying 26

 Boiling and Condensing
(Key Terms)
• Vapour- another term to describe a gas
• Boiling- the process by which a liquid changes to a gas at its boiling
point
• Vaporisation- when a substance change to a liquid
• Liquefaction- when either a solid or a gas changes to a liquid

Boiling and Condensing 27

 Boiling and Condensing
• When a liquid is heated it will eventually reach its boiling point and
become a gas or vapour. When a gas is cobbled it turns back into a
liquid.
• As water is heated, the increase in temperature causes the particles to
gain energy and moves faster and further apart, they overcome the
bonds between them and the bonds eventually breaks.
• Water becomes a gas when the bonds between it particles no longer
exists. This is called boiling. This change from liquid to gas can be
described as vaporisation.

Boiling and Condensing 28

 Boiling and Condensing
• The particles move closer to gather. The gas changes a liquid, this is
condensing. Another word to describe this change is liquefaction.

Boiling and Condensing 29

 Evaporation
(Key Terms)
• Evaporation- the process by which a liquid changes to a gaseous state
below its boiling point
• Volatile- the property of quick changing from the liquid to gas at room
temperature

Evaporation 30
 Evaporation
• The particles in a liquid are in continual motion and have different
amounts of kinetic energy. At any given time a very small proportion
of particles at the surface of the liquid have sufficient energy to move
away from the rest and become gas. This process is called
evaporation.
• Evaporation is process by which a liquid becomes a gas or vapour at
temperature below its boiling point. The term vapour is often used to
describe a gas below the boiling point of the liquid from which it has
formed. This when water evaporates it be said to form water vapour
rather than steam.

Evaporation 31
 Evaporation
• Volatile liquids are liquids which have low boiling points and
evaporation very quickly.
• If a small amount of a volatile liquid, such as ethoxyethane, is placed
on the back of the hand, it will evaporate so quickly that the skin
where heat energy needed for evaporation is taken from the skin.

Evaporation 32
 Sublimation
(Key Terms)
• Sublimation- the change from a solid to gas without liquification
• De-sublimation- the changes from a gas to solid without liquification
• Dry Ice- the solid from of carbon dioxide

Sublimation 33
 Sublimation
• Some substance changes directly from their solid state to their gaseous
state when heat energy is applied. As soon as the heat energy is with
drawing they return to solid state. These processes are referred to as
sublimation and de-sublimation.
• Sublimation and de-sublimation are both physical changes- the
substance, such as the to dive remains unchanged. Another example of
a solid that sublimes is dry ice.

Sublimation 34
 Sublimation
• Dry ice is the solid from of carbon dioxide. It is used as a cooling
agent. Dry ice has two advantages in that its temperature is lower than
that of water ice and it leaves no residuce. It is used for preserving
frozen food such as ice cream. The extreme cold of dry ice makes it
dangerous to handle. Direct contact with dry ice can cause severe
burns.

Sublimation 35
All Changes in States

Changes in State 36