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  • Reverse Osmosis

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    Reverse osmosis uses semipermeable membranes to separate impurities from water by applying pressure greater than osmotic pressure, allowing pure water to pass through while rejecting 99.9% of dissolved solids; it requires pre-treatment of the water and generates some waste but is highly effective at purifying water, though it uses more energy than other filtration methods.

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    Reverse osmosis uses semipermeable membranes to separate impurities from water by applying pressure greater than osmotic pressure, allowing pure water to pass through while rejecting 99.9% of dissolved solids; it requires pre-treatment of the water and generates some waste but is highly effective at purifying water, though it uses more energy than other filtration methods.

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    167 views16 pages

    Reverse Osmosis

    Uploaded by

    mochamad iwan
    Reverse osmosis uses semipermeable membranes to separate impurities from water by applying pressure greater than osmotic pressure, allowing pure water to pass through while rejecting 99.9% of dissolved solids; it requires pre-treatment of the water and generates some waste but is highly effective at purifying water, though it uses more energy than other filtration methods.

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    of 16

    Reverse Osmosis

    What is Osmosis?
    The simple definition of osmosis is the tendency of a fluid to pass through
    a somewhat porous membrane until the concentration on both sides is
    equal.

    What is Reverse Osmosis?


    Reverse Osmosis is a process that separates impurities from water by passing
    the water through a semipermeable membrane.
    Osmosis Process
    Filtration Capability Chart
    Advantages
    1. RO outperforms any filter on the market (even ultrafiltration) with
    respect to the size of particles rejected
    2. RO removes up to 99.9% of the dissolved impurities in water without
    using regenerant chemicals.
    Disadvantages
    1. The pump requires a significant amount of power to provide the
    driving pressure for the system.
    2. Reverse Osmosis rejects a certain percentage of the feedwater as
    concentrated waste. Reject quantities typically vary from 15% to 40%
    of the water processed. This may be more waste water than an ion
    exchange system generates, depending on the system. In general, the
    higher the mineral content of the feedwater, the more advantageous
    RO is.
    Standard Practice Water Treatment

    Notes :
    1. Suspended solids contents of the coagulation outlet will fluctuate depending
    on the water and ambient air temperature. Expected average SS contents will
    be 10 ppm.
    2. TDS in raw water will not usually exceed 500 ppm. However if the TDS
    exceed 500 ppm as a rare case, RO system will be provided for BFW make up
    water and partially treated for Drinking water
    Standard Practice Water Treatment

    Notes :
    1. The industrial water is usually treated by coagulation or clarification to 20 NTU or
    less of turbidity. So basically the coagulation will not required in the plant site. The
    turbidity will fluctuate caused by the remaining sludge in the transfer pipeline or
    upset of the pre-treatment plant which is provided at the upstream of pipeline. If
    the client guarantee the maximum turbidity of 20 NTU, the coagulation is not
    necessary. If the maximum turbidity is not a guarantee figure, however, provision of
    the coagulation is preferable where the turbidity does not exceed 20 NTU, but
    exceed 10 NTU.
    2. If the water contains more than 500 ppm (as CaCO3) of TDS (Total dissolved solids),
    the water shall be partially treated for the drinking water.
    Standard Practice Water Treatment

    Notes :
    1. If sea water is polluted or contains high suspended solids, the evaporator type is
    preferable.
    2. The evaporator uses low pressure steam, the production rate is 3-10 tones of
    desalinated water per 1 ton of LPS.
    3. The RO system needs pre-treatment such as a coagulator, micro-filter.
    4. Expected product water quality is shown in the figure above.
    RO Pre Treatment
    Depending upon the raw water quality, reverse osmosis pretreatment processes
    contain some of the following treatment steps:

     Removal of large particles using a coarse strainer


     Chlorine disinfection
     Clarification with or without flocculation
     Clarification and hardness reduction using lime softening
     Removal of suspended particles using media filtration
     Hardness reduction using softeners or weak acid cation exchangers
     pH adjustment
     Addition of scale inhibitor
     Reduction of free chlorine using sodium bisulfite or activated carbon filters
     Sterilization using UV radiation
     Final removal of suspended particles using cartridge filters

    When a system is designed, the water to be used as feedwater should be tested and
    analyzed to provide an adequate feedwater pretreatment for the design. This assures
    proper and longer operation of the RO system.
    Ancillary Equipment
    Depending on the requirements for the specific RO System, ancillary equipment is typically
    required:

     Day tanks and chemical feed pumps to inject antiscalant, sodium bisulfite, acid or caustic
     Cartridge filters to protect the membranes from large particulate matter
     Pumps to pressurize the feed
     Atmospheric tanks for permeate storage
     A Clean-In-Place system (CIP)
    Typical RO Installation
    Typical CIP System
    Instrumentation
    The following instruments are options available for the Single Pass RO System and
    may be selected for the Unit Service Inlet or for the Common Header Service inlet
    feeding all RO banks:

     pH Analyzer (often used in the common header if pH adjustment chemicals are


    added)
     Pressure Switch (to protect an on-skid pump, if present)
     Pressure Transmitter
     ORP Analyzer (often used in the common header to monitor changes in the
    oxidizing potential (including chlorine) of the feedwater)
     Temperature Switch (if there is any opportunity for hot water to reach the unit)
     Temperature Transmitter
     Chlorine Analyzer (to enable precise control of chlorine for cellulose
    acetatemembrane based systems)
    Piping
    Piping on the skid must be compatible with the cleaning chemicals employed.
    Any of the non-metallic materials are suitable, and stainless steel is suitable
    unless hydrochloric acid is left sitting in the system. Three choices of piping are
    available for the RO System:

     PVC
     Polypropylene
     316L Stainless Steel

    To prevent detergent-type cleaners from foaming in the tank, the return lines
    must be brought back to a submerged discharge. For this reason, the return lines
    are normally provided with a down comer into the tank.
    Protection of Membrane
    1. High Temperature
    2. High Free Chlorine
    3. Low Feed Water Pressure at Pump
    4. High Inlet Pressure at Membrane
    5. High Differential Pressure at Membrane
    Typical Membrane Data Sheet

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