Trace Minerals

Trace
Minerals
Iron
A. Distribution
༝ The body weight contains about 75
mg/kg fat-free body weight of iron.
༝ This is about 3-5 gm.
༝ The amount varies with age, sex,
nutrition, general health, and size of
iron stores.
༝ 60% to 75% is present as part of the
hemoglobin and 5% as myoglobin,
the muscle hemoglobin.
༝ About 26% is found in the liver,
spleen, and bone marrow.
B. Functions
༝ As a constituent of hemoglobin and
myoglobin, iron serves as a carrier of
oxygen needed for cellular respiration.
༝ It is necessary for hemoglobin
formation.
༝ It is an active component of tissue
enzyme involve in the conversion of
beta carotene into vitamin A synthesis
of purines, antibody production,
collagen synthesis, and other functions
associated with respiratory chain.
C. Utilization
༝ Iron in ferrous form is better absorbed
than in fer form, although both forms
may be absorbed.
Several factors affect
the absorption of iron:
Types of iron
1.Heme iron is found only in meat (fish and poultry)
and is more efficiently absorbed by the body.
2.Non-heme iron comes from other iron-containing
foods like cereals, vegetables, and eggs. In the
Filipino diet, most of the iron comes from
vegetables or sources of non-animal origin. Eating
meat with non-heme iron and vitamin C helps with
the absorption of non-heme iron by the body.

Food sources
○ Organ meats
○ Enriched rice
○ Spaghetti
○ Dried beans
○ Ampalaya leaves
○ Kamote leaves
○ Seaweeds
○ Peanuts
○ Kulitis
○ Gabi leaves
Effects of deficiency or excess
Effect of deficiency
○ Anemia characterized by a reduction in size or number
of RBC or the quantity of hemoglobin or both resulting
in decreased capacity of the blood to carry oxygen.
■ Causes:
● Inadequate intake of iron caused by poor quality
sources or poor cookery (nutritional anemia)
● Excessive excretion of iron caused by blood loss
in pregnancy, parasitism, and blood donation
(hemorrhagic anemia)
● Inadequate formation of RBC because of
vitamin B12 deficiency caused by lack of
intrinsic factor Symptoms: pallor easy fatigue
dizziness insomnia lack of appetite.
Effects of excess
༝ Hemosiderosis or excessive amount of Fe
in the body
○ Causes:
■ Excessive iron intake using
supplements
■ Failure of the body to regulate iron
absorption which is more genetic in
nature.
༝
Copper
A. Distribution
○ All tissues in the body contain traces of copper.
○ Large amounts are found in the liver, brain,
heart, and kidney.
B. Functions
༝ Copper is essential in the formation of hemoglobin.
༝ It promotes absorption of iron from the GIT the
transportation of such from the tissues to the
plasma.
༝ It is a valuable catalyst in oxidation-reduction
mechanisms of living cells as well as a constituent
of several of the oxidative enzymes for amino
acids.
༝ It also helps maintain the integrity of
the myelin sheath surrounding the nerve
fibers.
༝ It is part of tyrosinase which is involved
in the formation of melanin pigment of
hair and skin.
༝ It helps in bone formation.
C. Food Sources
○ Organ meats
○ Shellfish
○ Nuts
○ Cocoa
○ Leafy vegetables
○ Eggs
○ Beans
○ Peas
○ Whole grain
D. Effects of deficiency or excess
○ Effects of deficiency
■ Depigmentation of skin and hair
■ CNS abnormalities
■ hypotonia
■ hypothermia
■ chronic microcytic anemia skeletal
mineralization in infants and
children
○ Effect of excess
■ Wilson's disease - excessive
accumulation copper
Iodine
A. Distribution
༝ The adult body normally contains 20 to 30 mg of
iodine.
༝ About 70% to 80% or about 8 mg is concentrated in
the thyroid gland and the rest is widely diffused
throughout all tissues, especially in the ovaries,
muscles, and blood.
B. Functions
༝ Iodine is needed for the production of thyroid
hormone. It is an element required for the synthesis of
thyroxine.
C. Food Sources
༝ Seafoods
༝ Seaweeds
༝ Iodized salt
D. Effects of deficiency
༝ Goiter - Enlargement of the thyroid gland
༝ Cretinism- caused by insufficient iodine
intake of mother during pregnancy which
deprives the fetus of the nutrient and the
baby born becomes a cretin. The child
suffers from hypothyroidism, is physically
dwarfed, is mentally retarded, and has
thick pasty skin and protruding abdomen.
༝ Myxedema - adults who have had
problems with low iodine intake
throughout their childhood and
adolescence.

Manganese
A. Distribution
༝ Only about 10 to 20 mg of manganese
is present in the adult body.
༝ It is concentrated in the liver and
kidneys with small amounts in the other
tissues such as the retina, bones, and
salivary glands.
B. Functions
༝ Manganese is an activator of a number
of metabolic reactions.
༝ It acts as catalyst of a number of
enzymes necessary in glucose and fat
metabolism.
༝ It increases storage of thiamine.
C. Food Sources
༝ Green leafy vegetables
༝ dried fruits nuts
༝ whole-grain cereals
༝ dried legumes
༝ fresh fruits tea
༝ non-leafy vegetables
D. Effect of deficiency or excess
༝ No incidence of manganese deficiency
or toxicity caused by diet has been
observed in humans.
Cobalt
A. Distribution
༝ Cobalt is found only in trace amounts in the
body
B. Functions
༝ Cobalt is a constituent of vitamin B12.
༝ It is necessary for RBC formation.
༝ It is essential for the normal functioning of all
cells
C. Food sources
veal liver
oysters clams
saltwater fish milk
lean beef
D. Requirements
༝ The nutritional requirement of cobalt is
restricted to the body's need for vitamin
B12 as the body cannot utilize cobalt to
synthesize the vitamin.
E. Effects of deficiency or excess

༝ Deficiency-pernicious anemia
༝ Excess-polycythemia or increase in the
number of RBC and hyperplasia of
bone marrow.
Zinc
A. Distribution
༝ Zinc occurs in varying concentrations in all
human cells in the eyes, the male sex glands,
secretions, hair, skin, and its appendages,
liver, pancreas, kidney, bones, and teeth
normally carrying significant higher levels
than other tissues and fluids. The body
contains about 2 to 5 gms of zinc.
༝ The blood concentration of zinc is 700 to 800
mg, 80% of which is present in the RBC, 4%
in WBC and platelets, and the remainder in
the serum largely in combination with
protein. The serum zinc is about 90 mg/100
mL.
༝ Human milk contains 3 to 4 mg liter and its
level can be raised significantly by zinc per
high maternal intakes.
B. Functions
༝ Zinc is involved in a wide range of
cellular functions being an integral
part of several metalloenzymes.
༝ It also acts as regulator of activities
of certain in the body. enzymes
༝ It is present in the RNA.
༝ It is related to the hormone insulin,
glucagon, ACTH, growth hormone,
gonadotropin, and testosterone.
༝ It enhances wound healing and helps
maintain a normal sense of taste.
C. Food sources
༝ milk
༝ nuts
༝ legumes
༝ wheat
༝ oyster
༝ Effects of deficiency
○ slow growth
○ alopecia
○ disturbances in the keratinization
process in the skin and esophagus
○ hypocupremia
○ delayed sexual maturation.
○ white cell defects
○ night blindness
༝ Effects of excess
○ nausea
○ vomiting
○ abdominal cramps
○ diarrhea
○ fever
Molybdenum
A. Distribution
༝ There are only 9 mg of molybdenum present
in the body, it is as important to health as the
B vitamins and magnesium.
༝ Molybdenum is concentrated in the liver,
kidneys, adrenal glands, and blood cells.
B. Functions
༝ It is present inbound as an integral part of
the various enzyme molecules.
༝ Three of these enzymes are xanthine
oxidase; aldehyde oxidase, a flavoprotein,
for catalyzing the oxidation of aldehydes to
corresponding carboxylic acid; and sulfite
oxidase which functions in the degradation
of sulfur derived from amino acids.
C. Food sources
༝ dried peas
༝ lean meats
༝ beans
༝ poultry
D. Requirement
༝ A daily intake of 50 to 500 mg is
considered a safe and adequate intake for
adults.
E. Effects of deficiency
༝ headache
༝ irritability
༝ night blindness
༝ lethargy
༝ coma
༝ abnormal metabolism of sulfur containing
amino acids
༝ abnormal degradation of nucleic acids
“
Group III: Other
Trace Minerals
Fluorine
A. Distribution
■ Fluorine is found primarily in the
bones and teeth and trace amounts
in the thyroid gland and skin.
B. Functions
■ Fluorine forms a more stable
compound in the dentine and
enamel of the teeth, thus reducing
dental caries and minimizing bone
loss.
■ It is effective in the treatment of
osteoporosis.
C. Food sources
■ Water is the major source of
fluorine. It may be obtained from
natural sources (fluorine in water)
or through fluoridation.
■ Small amounts: fruits, vegetables,
and cereals
■ Rich amounts: sea foods and tea
leaves Chief source: and topical
agents water (toothpaste)
■ According to WHO: fluoridated
salt/milk
○ Effect of deficiency
■ Dental caries
○ Effects of excess
■ Dental fluorosis - melting of the
enamel (2-8 ppm)
■ Osteosclerosis (8-20 ppm)
■ Growth depression (50 ppm or
more)
■ Fatal poisoning (extremely high
levels)
E. Distribution of Fluorides
○ Teeth and skeleton have the highest
concentrations of fluoride due to the
affinity of fluoride to calcium.
Fluoride content of teeth increases
rapidly during early mineralization
periods and continues to increase
with age but at a lower rate.
F. Role of Fluorides in Nutrition and Dental
Health
༝ Nutrition and diet affect the development
and integrity of the oral cavity as well as
progression of diseases of the oral cavity.
༝ Oral health and nutrition have a
synergistic relationship.
༝ Oral infectious diseases, as well as acute,
chronic, and terminal systemic diseases
with oral manifestations impact on the
functional ability to eat that affects diet and
nutrition status.
༝ Nutrition plays a major role in craniofacial
development and prevention of oral
infections and oral cancers.
G. Prevention of Cavities by Fluoride
༝ Cavities are holes (or structural
damage) in the teeth.
༝ Fluoride concentrates in the growing
bones and developing teeth of children
help harden the enamel on baby and
adult teeth before they emerge.
༝ Fluoride helps to harden the enamel on
adult teeth that have already emerged.
Selenium
A. Distribution
༝ Selenium content in the diet is dependent
on the soil content where the food source is
grown.
B. Functions
༝ Selenium reduces or prevents the effects of
vitamin E deficiency.
༝ It is a component of glutathione peroxidase
(GP) which is responsible for inactivating
the peroxides that cause the oxidation and
rancidity of fats.
C. Effects of deficiency or excess
༝ muscle pain and tenderness
༝ pancreatic degeneration
༝ hemolytic anemia
Chromium
A. Distribution
༝ The fatal body content of chromium is about 60
to 10 mg.
B. Functions
༝ Chromium raises abnormally low fasting blood
sugar levels and improves faulty uptake of
sugar by body tissues.
༝ It stimulates the synthesis of fatty acids and
cholesterol in the liver.
C. Food sources
༝ Corn oil
༝ Clams
༝ vegetables
༝ meats
D. Requirement
༝ Normal adults - 50 to 200 mcg/day
Vanadium
A. Distribution
༝ Vanadium is a constituent of human
tissues.
B. Function
༝ It is involved in the appetite crystal
formation of tooth enamel, hence may
contribute to resistance to dental decay.
C. Requirement
༝ to 0.3 mg/day
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Trace Minerals

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E. Effects of deficiency or excess

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