Stage & Continuous Gas-Liquid Separation Processes: Chapter Three
Stage & Continuous Gas-Liquid Separation Processes: Chapter Three
Stage & Continuous Gas-Liquid Separation Processes: Chapter Three
1
Content
10.1 Types of Separation Processes and Methods
10.2 Equilibrium Relation Between Phases
10.3 Single and Multiple Equilibrium Contact Stages
10.4 Mass Transfer Between Phases
10.5 Continuous Humidification Processes
10.6 Absorption on plate and Packed Tower
10.7 Absorption and Concentrated Mixtures in Packed Tower
10.8 Estimation of Mass Transfer Coefficient in Packed Tower
2
10.1 Types of Separation Processes
and Methods
Absorption (When the two contacting phases are a gas and a liquid)
Distillation (A volatile vapor phase and a liquid that vaporizes are
involved)
Liquid-liquid Extraction (When the two phases are liquids)
Leaching (Extract a solute from a solid, sometimes also called
extraction)
Membrane Processing (Separation of molecules by the use of
membrane)
Crystallization
Adsorption
Ion-Exchange
3
Definitions
Absorption
The removal of one or more selected components from a mixture of
gases by absorption into a suitable liquid is the second major
operation of chemical engineering that is based on interphase mass
transfer controlled largely by rates of diffusion.
Stripping/desorption
Reverse of absorption.
Humidification
Transfer of water vapor from liquid water into pure air.
Dehumidification
Removal of water vapor from air. 4
Absorption Unit
Pure Gas Out
A= 5 mole
Pure Liquid In
A= 0 mole
Gas In
Gas
6
Main design2/2
7
10.2 Equilibrium Relation Between Phases
Solution,
P H .X A
The partial pressure pAA of oxygen (A) in air is 0.21 atm. Using Eq.(10.2-
2)..
0.21=H xA
= 4.38 x104 xA
9
10.3 Single and Multiple Equilibrium
Contact Stages
10.3.A Single - stage Equilibrium contact
It can be defined as one in which two different phases (liquid & gas for absorption)
are brought into contact & then separated.
During the time of contact intimate mixing occurs and the various components diffuse
and redistribute themselves between the two phases.
If mixing time is enough, the components are essentially at equilibrium in the two
phase after separation and the process is considered to be single equilibrium stage
11
Single-Stage Equilibrium Contact for Gas-Liquid
System 2/2 Gas phase V1 V2 Gas phase
In = Out outlet yA1 yA2 inlet
Single-stage
Liquid phase Liquid phase
Total material balance: L0 + V2 = L1 + V1 inlet
L0
xA0
L1
xA1
outlet
Operating line:
13
Example 10.3-1 2/5
Solution
The flow diagram,
(1) The inert water flow is L’ = L0 = 300 kg mol/h.
V1 V2 = 100 kg mol/h
yA1 1 atm yA2 = 0.20
L0 = 300 kg mol/h 293 K L1
xA0 14
xA1
Example 10.3-1 3/5
(3) Substituting into equation to make a balance on CO2 (A).
…(1)
0 0.20 x A1 y A1
300 80 300 80
1 0 1 0.20 1 x A1 1 y A1
Know …. The Resulting equation has two unknowns (XA1 and YA1 ) .. So it
is necessary to calculate one of these unknowns to solve the equation
above..!!!
It is possible to calculate the YA1 by the use of Henry’s law because the gas 15
YA H ' X A
H` needed to calculated
Know it possible to use the value of YA1 in equation (1) to calculate the value of XA1 16
Example 10.3-1 5/5
Solving equation (1) and (2) simultaneously,
get xA1 = 1.41 x 104 and yA1 = 0.20. To calculate the total flow rates
leaving,
L' 300
L1 4
300kgmol / h
1 x A1 1 1.41 10
V' 80
V1 100kgmol / h
1 y A1 1 0.20
V1 V2 V3 Vn Vn+1 VN VN+1
1 2 n N
L0 L1 L2 Ln-1 Ln LN-1 LN
18
10.3.C Countercurrent Multiple-Contact
Stages 2/4.
Countercurrent multiple-contact stages.
- more concentrated product.
- total number of ideal stages = N.
- B&C may or may be not be somewhat miscible in each other.
- two streams leaving a stage in equilibrium with each other.
Operating line:- 19
10.3.C Countercurrent Multiple-Contact
Stages 3/4.
An operating line is an important material-balance equation because
it relates the concentration yn+1 in the V stream with xn in the L
stream passing it.
Ln
slope slope
Vn 1
21
Example 10.3-2 1/4
Absorption of Acetone in a Countercurrent Stage Tower
25
10.3.D: Analytical Equations For Countercurrent
Stage Contact 1/3
This technique is used to calculate the number of theoretical
stages analytically without the need for the graphical method
Its also used to make comparison and justifications in the results
of both methods
Kremser equations
This method is used to calculate the number of ideal stages.
This method is valid only when operating & equilibrium lines are
straight.
log A
10.3.D Analytical Equations For Countercurrent
Stage Contact 2/3
where,
m = slope of equilibrium line.
A = absorption factor = constant = L/(mV).
L.V = molar flow rates.
y N 1 y1
when A = 1 N
y1 mx0
Stripping: y N 1
x
0
log
y
m 1 A A
x N N 1
N m
1
log 27
A
10.3.D Analytical Equations For Countercurrent
Stage Contact 3/3
x0 x N
When A = 1, N
y N 1
xN
m
Procedure (for varying A):
2. Calculate AN at LN &VN+1.
3. Calculate Aave. = A1 AN
4. Calculate N.
28
Example 10.3-3 1/2
Number of Stages by Analytical Equation.
Repeat Example 10.3-2 but use the Kremser analytical equation for countercurrent stage
processes.
Solution,
At Stages 1
V1 = 29.73 kg mol/h,
yA1 = 0.001001,
L0 = 90.0, and
xA0 = 0.
L L 90.0
A1 0 1.20 29
Then,
0.01 2.53(0) 1 1
log 1
0. 00101 2. 53( 0) 1. 195 1.195
N 5.04
log(1.195)
30
10.4 Mass Transfer Between Phases 1/2
For absorption, the solute may diffuse through a gas phase and then diffuse
through and be absorbed in an adjacent and immiscible liquid phase.
The two phases are in direct contact with each other, and the interfacial
area between the phases is usually not well defined.
A concentration gradient must exist to cause this mass transfer through
the resistances in each phase.
Liquid Gas
mole fraction
xi y
x yi
Mass transfer of A 31
10.4 Mass Transfer Between Phases 2/2
liquid-phase solution gas-phase mixture
of A in liquid L. of A in gas G
yAG
yAi
xAi NA
xAL
interface
k y' k x'
where, ky kx
(1 y A ) iM (1 x A )iM
33
NOTE (for equimolar counter-diffusion)
The interface composition (xAi and yAi ) can be determined by drawing the
line PM with the slope (-kx’ /ky’) intersecting the equilibrium line
k x' y y Ai
slope ' AG
ky x AL x Ai
yAG equilibrium
P D
line
slope = m”
yAi
M
slope = m’
y*A
E
xAL xAi x*A
34
NOTE (for diffusion of A through stagnant
or nondiffusing B)
The interface composition (xAi and yAi ) can be determined by drawing the
line PM with the slope ( ) intersecting the equilibrium line
k x' y y Ai
slope ' AG
ky x AL x Ai
yAG equilibrium
P D
line
slope = m”
yAi
M
slope = m’
y* A
E
xAL xAi x*A 35
Example 10.4-1 1/8
Interface Composition in Interphase Mass Transfer
The solute A is being absorbed from a gas mixture of A and B in a
wetted-wall tower with the liquid flowing as a film downward along
the wall. At certain point in the tower the bulk gas concentration
yAG = 0.380 mol fraction and the bulk liquid concentration is xAL
= 0.1. The tower is operating at 298 K and 1.013 x 105 Pa and the
equilibrium data are as follows:
xA yA
0 0
0.05 0.022
0.1 0.052
0.15 0.087
0.2 0.131
0.25 0.187
0.3 0.265 36
0.35 0.385
Example 10.4-1 2/8
0.3
yA 0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
xA 38
0.4 P
yAG D
0.2 M
M1
0.1
Now we need to find the point P on the graph y *
A
E
0
So : 0 0.1
x
0.2
x
AL
0.3 0.4
x
Ai *
A
Since the correlations are for dilute solutions, (1-yA)iM and (1-xA)iM are approximately
1.0 and the coefficients are the same as k’y and k’x .
For the first trial (1-yA)iM and (1-xA)iM are assumed as 1.0 and the slope of line PM is,
from Eq.(10.4-9).
A line through point P with a slope of –1.342 is plotted in the figure intersecting the
equilibrium line at M1, where
39
yAi = 0.183 and xAi = 0.247.
0.4 P
yAG D
0.2 M
M1
0.1
y*A
E
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
xAL xAi x *A
For the second trial we use yAi and xAi from the first trial to
calculate the new slope. Substituting into Eqs.(10.4-6) and (10.4-7),
(1 y Ai ) (1 y AG )
(1 y A ) iM
ln[(1 y Ai ) /(1 y AG )]
(1 0.183) (1 0.380)
0.715
ln[(1 0.183) /(1 0.38)]
(1 x AL ) (1 x Ai )
(1 x A ) iM
ln[(1 x AL ) /(1 x Ai )]
(1 0.1) (1 0.247)
0.825
ln[(1 0.1) /(1 0.247)] 40
0.4 P
yAG D
0.2 M
M1
0.1
y*A
E
0
Substituting into Eq. (10.4-9) to obtain the new slope, 0 0.1
xAL
0.2
xAi
0.3 0.4
x *A
0.2 M
M1
0.1
y*A
E
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
3
k /(1 x A ) iM 1.967 10 / 0.820
xAL
' xAi x *A
slope x
3
1.160
k /(1 y A ) iM
'
y 1.465 10 / 0.709
This slope of –1.160 is essentially the same as the slope of –1.163 for the
second trial.
Hence, the final values are yAi= 0.197 and xAi = 0.257 and are shown as point
M. To calculate the flux,
k y' 1.967 103
NA ( y AG y Ai ) (0.380 0.197)
(1 y A ) iM 0.709
3.78 10 4 kgmol / s.m 2
Note that the flux NA through each phase is the same as in other phase, which
should be the case at steady state. 42
Example 10.4-1 8/8
0.4 P
yAG D
0.3
yAi 0.2 M
M1
0.1
y* A
E
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
xAL xAi x *A
Fig.10.4-4: Location of interface concentrations for example 10.4-1.
43
Overall Mass-transfer Coefficients
and Driving Force.
For equimolar counterdiffusion and/or diffusion in dilute
solutions,
NA = k’y (yAG – yAi ) = k’x (xAi – xAL)
K’y(yAG – y*A ) K’x (x*A – xAL)
x*A is the value that would be in equilibrium with yAG
y*A is the value that would be in equilibrium with xAL
For diffusion of A through stagnant or nondiffusing B.
K y' K '
NA (
AG y y A )
x
( x A x AL )
(1 y A )M (1 x A )M
44
10.5 Continuous Humidification Processes
46
Water-Cooling Tower 2/3
Warm water flows counter-currently to an air stream. The warm water enters the top of
a packed tower and cascades down through the packing, leaving at the bottom.
Air enters at the bottom of the tower and flows upward through the descending water
by the natural draft or by the action of a fan.
The water is distributed by troughs and overflows to cascade over slat gratings or
packing that provide large interfacial areas of contact between the water and air in the
form of droplets and film of water.
The tower packing often consists of slats of wood or plastic or of a packed bed.
47
Water-Cooling Tower 3/3
48
Theory and Calculation of Water-Cooling
Towers
interface
Hi
liquid water
HG humidity
water vapor
TL Ti air
TG temperature
sensible heat latent heat in gas
in liquid
sensible heat in gas
Introduction
- calculation involve properties and concentration of
mixtures of water vapor and air.
Humidification
- transfer of water from the liquid phase into a gaseous
mixture of air and water vapor.
Dehumidification
- reverse transfer where the water vapor is transferred
from the vapor state to the liquid state.
50
Humidity & Humidity Chart 1/4
(1) Humidity, H : the kg of water vapor contained in 1 kg of dry air.
18.02 pA
H
28.97 P p A
where,
pA = partial pressure of water vapor in the air.
Saturated air – water vapor in equilibrium with liquid water.
pA = pAS
where,
pAS = saturated vapor pressure.
51
Humidity & Humidity Chart 2/4
(2) Humid volume, vH
It can be defined as total volume (m3) of 1 kg of dry air plus the vapor it contains at
1 atm abs pressure and the given gas temp.
52
Humidity & Humidity Chart 3/4
(4) Wet bulb temperature TW,
It’s the steady-state nonequilibrium temperature reached when a small amount of water is contacted under adiabatic conditions by a continuous stream of gas.
Steady state temp. attained by a wet-bulb thermometer under standardized condition
The temperature and humidity of the gas are not changed.
At TW = TS, the convective heat transfer and wet bulb lines.
or,
q M B k y W H W H A
H HW h M Bk y
T TW W 53
Humidity & Humidity Chart 4/4
H HW h M Bky
T TW W
MB = molecular weight of Air
ky= Mass transfer coefficient
w = latent heat of vaporization at T
w
A = surface area
h = Heat transfer coefficient
q h. A.(T Tw )
54
Humidity Chart
55
The operating line
56
Figure 10.5-3: Temperature enthalpy diagram
and operating line for water-cooling.
Hy*2
equilibrium line
Hy2
R operating line,
Enthalpy of air- Hy* slope = LcL/G
vapor mixture, Hyi M
Hy (J/kg dry gas) Hy
S P slope = -hLa
Hy*1
kGaMBP
Hy1
TL1 Ti TL TL2
Liquid temperature ºC
57
Design of Water-Cooling Tower Using
Film Mass-Transfer Coef.
Please follow the steps mentioned in section 10.5C in book
z G H y2 dH y
0
dz z
M B kG aP H y1 H yi H y
where,
z = tower height
P = atm pressure.
MB = molecular weight of air
kGa = volumetric mass transfer coeff. in gas, kg mol/s.m 3
58
Design Using Overall Mass-Transfer
Coefficients.
z G H y2 dH y
0
dz z
M B K G aP H y1 H y H y
where,
KGa = overall mass transfer coefficient.
59
Table 10.5-1
60
Example 10.5-1 1/6
Design of Water-Cooling Tower Using Film Coefficients.
A packed countercurrent water-cooling tower using a gas flow
rate of G = 1.356 kg dry air/s. m2 and a water flow rate of
L = 1.356 kg water/s. m2 to cool the water from TL2 = 43.3 ºC to
TL1 = 29.4 ºC.
The entering air at 29.4 ºC has a wet bulb temperature of
23.9 ºC . The mass-transfer coefficient kG a is estimated as
1.207 x 10-7 kg mol/s.m3.Pa and hL a / kGaMBP as 4.187 x 104
J/kg.K. .
160
equilibrium line
Slope =
-41.87 x103
Solution
140
Enthalpy Hy
120
[(J/kg)10-3]
100
operating line
80
TL1
Liquid Temperature (ºC)
TL2
160
140
equilibrium line
Slope =
-41.87 x10 3
Enthalpy Hy
120
[(J/kg)10-3]
H y2 dH y 100
operating line
1.82
80
60
H yi H y
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46
G dH y 1.356
z
M B kG aP H yi H y
7
29(1.207 10 )(1.013 10 )
5
(1.82)
z 6.98m
64
Example 10.5-1 5/6
65
Example 10.5-1 6/6
200
Slope =
180
-41.87 x103
equilibrium line
160
140
Enthalpy Hy
120
[(J/kg)10-3]
100
operating line
80
60
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46
TL1 Liquid Temperature (ºC) TL2
Figure 10.5-4: Graphical solution of Example 10.5-1
66
Minimum Value of Air Flow 1/2 equilibrium
N
Hy2 line P
operating line for
Gmin,
slope
operating line,= LcL/Gmin
Hy1 slope = LcL/G
M
TL1 TL2
The air flow G is not fixed but must be set for the design of the
cooling tower.
For a minimum value of G, the operating line MN is drawn through
the point Hy1 and TL1 with a slope that touches the equilibrium line at
TL2, point N.
If the equilibrium line is quite curved, line MN could become
tangent to the equilibrium line at a point farther down the
equilibrium line than point N.
For the actual tower, a value of G greater than Gmin must be used.
Often, a value of G equal to 1.3 to 1.5 times Gmin is used.
67
Minimum Value of Air Flow 2/2
N
equilibrium line
Hy2 P
operating line for Gmin,
slope = LcL/Gmin
operating line,
Hy1 slope = LcL/G
M
TL1 TL2
Where :
G= air flow rate
KGa= overall mass transfer coefficient (kg.mole/s.m3)
HOG= height of overall gas enthalpy transfer unit (m)
Temperature and Humidity of Air Stream in Tower
dH y H yi H y
dTG Ti TG
69
10.6 Absorption on plate and Packed Tower
10.6.1 Absorption on plate Tower
V1, y1 L0, x0
1
2
n
Vn+1, yn+1 Ln, xn
n+1
N-1
N
VN+1, yN+1 LN, xN
0.07 xn 0.02
0 5 .18 333
Hence, xn = 0.000855. To calculate another
5.18
intermediate
point, we seryn+1 = 0.13,
1as0.00201.
and xn is calculated 0.07 1 xn 1 0.02
(6)The two end points and the two intermediate points on the operating line are plotted
in Fig.10.6-5, as are the equilibrium data from Appendix A.3.
(7) The operating line is somewhat curved. The number of theoretical trays is
determined by stepping off the steps to give 2.4. The actual number of trays is
2.4/0.25 = 9.6 trays.
74
Example 10.6-2 4/4
YN+1 0.20
0.18 operating
line
0.16
0.14
Mole 0.12
fraction, 0.10 equilibrium
y 0.08 line
2
0.06
0.04
y1 0.02 1
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
x0 xN
Mole fraction, x
Fig.10.6-4 : Theoretical number of trays for absorption of SO2 in example 10.6-2. 75
10.6.2 Absorption on Packed Tower
Design of Packed Tower for Absorption
V2,y2 L2,x2
dz z
V,y L,x
V1,y1 L1,x1
76
Structured Packing Figure 10.6-6. Pressure-drop correlation
for structured packings
78
Random Packing
79
procedure used to determine the limiting flow
rates and the tower diameter.
1 First, a suitable random packing or structured packing is selected, giving an
Fp value.
2 A suitable liquid-to-gas ratio GL/GG is selected along with the total gas flow
rate.
3 The pressure drop at flooding is calculated using Eq. (10.6-1), or if Fp is 60 or
over, the ΔPflooding is taken as 2.0 in./ft packing height.
4 Then the flow parameter is calculated, and using the pressure drop at
flooding and either Fig. 10.6-5 or 10.6-6, the capacity parameter is read off
the plot.
5 Using the capacity parameter, the value of GG is obtained, which is the
maximum value at flooding.
6 Using a suitable % of the flooding value of GG for design, a new GG and GL
are obtained. The pressure drop can also be obtained from Figure 10.6-5 or
10.6-6. 80
7 Knowing the total gas flow rate and GG, the tower cross-sectional area and ID
Table 10.6-1. Packing Factors for Random
and Structured Packing 2/2
81
EXAMPLE 10.6-1 1/5
Pressure Drop and Tower Diameter for
Ammonia Absorption
Ammonia is being absorbed in a tower using pure
water at 25°C and 1.0 atm abs pressure. The feed
rate is 1440 lbm/h (653.2 kg/h) and contains 3.0 mol
% ammonia in air. The process design specifies a
liquid-to-gas mass flow rate ratio G L/GG of 2/1 and
the use of 1-in. metal Pall rings.
Calculate the pressure drop in the packing and gas
mass velocity at flooding. Using 50% of the
flooding velocity, calculate the pressure drop, gas
and liquid flows, and tower diameter.
82
EXAMPLE 10.6-1 2/5
Solution:
The gas and liquid flows in the bottom of the tower are the largest, so
the tower will be sized for these flows. Assume that approximately all
of the ammonia is absorbed.
The gas average mol wt = 28.97(0.97) + 17.0(0.03) = 28.61.
The weight fraction of ammonia = 0.03(17)/(28.61) = 0.01783.
Assuming the water is dilute, from Appendix A.2-4, the water viscosity
μ = 0.8937 cp. From A.2-3, the water density is 0.99708 gm/cm3.
Then, ρL = 0.99708(62.43) = 62.25 lbm/ft3.
Also, v = μ/ρ = 0.8937/0.99708 = 0.8963 centistokes.
83
EXAMPLE 10.6-1 3/5
From Table 10.6-1, for 1-in. Pall rings, Fp = 56 ft-1. Using
Eq. 10.6-1, ΔPflood = 0.115 = 0.115(56)0.7 = 1.925 in. H2O/ft
packing height. The flow parameter for Fig. 10.6-5 is :
84
EXAMPLE 10.6-1 4/5
vG = 6.663 ft/s.
Then GG = vGρG = 6.663(0.07309) = 0.4870 lbm/(s · ft2) at
flooding. Using 50% of the flooding velocity for design,
GG = 0.5(0.4870) = 0.2435 lbm/(s · ft2) [1.189 kg/(s · m2)].
Also, the liquid flow rate
GL = 2.0(0.2435) = 0.4870 lbm/(s · ft2) [2.378 kg/(s · m2)].
To calculate the tower pressure drop at 50% of flooding, GG =
0.2435 and GL = 0.4870, the new capacity parameter is 0.5(1.7)
= 0.85. Using this value of 0.85 and the same flow parameter,
0.06853, a value of 0.18 in. water/ft is obtained from Fig. 10.6-
5. 85
EXAMPLE 10.6-1 5/5
The tower cross-sectional area =
(1440/3600 lbm/s)(1/0.2435 lbm/(s · ft2))
= 1.6427 ft2 = (π/4)D2.
Solving, D = 1.446 ft (0.441 m).
The amount of ammonia in the outlet water assuming all of
the ammonia is absorbed is 0.01783(1440) = 25.68 lb.
Since the liquid flow rate is 2 times the gas flow rate,
the total liquid flow rate = 2.0(1440) = 2880 lbm/hr.
Hence, the flow rate of the pure inlet water=
2880 - 25.68 = 2858.3 lbm/s.
86
Design of Packed Tower for Absorption
Overall material balance on component A:
' x2 ' y1 ' x1 ' y2
L V L V
1 x2 1 y1 1 x1 1 y2
Operating line:-
x ' y1 ' x1 y
V L V '
'
L
1 x 1 y1 1 x1 1 y
Very dilute system,
x y x y
L' 2 V ' 1 L' 1 V ' 2
1 x2 1 y1 1 x1 1 y2
0 0.022 ' 0.03235 0.002244
97.8 Lmin 97.8
'
L min
1 0 1 0. 022 1 0 . 03235 1 0. 002244
Lmin 59.24kg.mol / h
(9) Using the relation mentioned in the question
L`=1.5Lmin=1.5(59.24)=88.86
(10) Using L` in equation (10.6.4) and solving for the outlet concentration , x1 = 0.0218
(11) The top operating line now is plotted as a straight line through the points y2,x2 and
92
Simplified Methods For Dilute Gas Mixtures
(Height Of Packed Towers) 1/3
Since a considerable percentage of the absorption processes include absorption
of a dilute gas A , these cases will be considered using a simplified design
procedure
These cases are taken under consideration under the followings :
1. Dilute (<10%)
2. Operating line = straight
3. Equilibrium line = curve
4. Height of tower z:-
V 1 y iM y1 dy
z ' y
k y aS 1 y av 2 y yi
1 y iM
1 yi 1 y
ln 1 yi 1 y
93
Simplified Methods For Dilute Gas Mixtures
(Height Of Packed Towers) 2/3
L 1 x iM x1 dx
z ' x2
k
x aS 1 x av xi x
1 x iM
1 x 1 xi
ln 1 x 1 xi
V 1 y M y1 dy
z ' y
K y aS 1 y
av 2 y y
1 y M
1 y 1 y
ln 1 y 1 y
94
Simplified Methods For Dilute Gas Mixtures
(Height Of Packed Towers) 3/3
1 x 1 x
1 x M
ln 1 x 1 x
L 1 x M x dx
z x2
1
'
K x aS 1 x av x x
Where,
k’x ,k’y = film mass-transfer coefficient for gas phase & liquid phase,
respectively.
K’x ,K’y = overall mass-transfer coefficient for gas phase & liquid phase,
respectively.
a = interfacial area per volume of packed section.
S = cross-sectional area of tower.
yi ,xi = gas & liquid conc. at the interface, respectively.
y* ,x* = gas & liquid conc. that would be in equilibrium with y,x.
95
Solving Procedure 1/9
There are six major steps in the calculations:
1. On xy plot, draw operating line & equilibrium line.
k x' a /(1 x ) iM
Slope( PM ) '
k y a /(1 y ) iM
Between the top & bottom of the tower.
k x' a /(1 x ) iM
Slope '
k y a /(1 y ) iM
3rd trial:
Calculate new slope using values from of yi1 , xi1 2nd trial
Get yi1 , xi1
Do the same for point 2 and any points between the two.
97
Solving Procedure 3/9
3. Plot y vs 1/(y-yi), x vs 1/(xi – x), 1/(y-y*) or 1/(x* - x).
4. Calculate area under the curve.
5. Calculate the term in the brackets at point 1 & 2. (Get the average.)
6. Calculate z from the appropriate equation.
To calculate the overall mass transfer coefficients:
K’ya:
Get K’yaave = (K’ya1 + K’ya2)/2
Use 1 1 m'
' '
K y a /(1 y ) M
'
k y a /(1 y ) iM k x a /(1 x) iM
K’Xa:
Get K’Xaave = (K’Xa1 + K’Xa2)/2
1 1 1
Use, '' ' '
K x a /(1 x)M
'
m k y a /(1 y ) iM k x a /(1 x) iM
99
Solving Procedure 5/9
If solution = dilute (straight operating line) & a straight equilibrium line
Height of tower z :-
1.
V
( y1 y2 ) k y' az ( y yi ) M
S
where,
( y1 yi1 ) ( y 2 yi 2 )
( y yi ) M
( y1 yi1 )
ln
y 2 yi 2 )
100
Solving Procedure 6/9
L
2. ( x1 x2 ) k x' az ( xi x ) M
S
( xi1 x1 ) ( xi 2 x2 )
( xi x ) M
( xi1 x1 )
ln
xi 2 x2 )
V
3. ( y1 y 2 ) K y' az ( y y ) M
S
( y y ) ( y y 2)
( y y )M 1 1 2
( y1 y1 )
ln
2y y 2 )
101
Solving Procedure 7/9
4. L
( x1 x2 ) K x' az ( x x ) M
S
( x x ) ( x 2 x2 )
( x x) M 1 1
( x1 x1 )
ln
2x x 2 )
102
Solving Procedure 8/9
These equations may be used in different ways .the general steps are
shown in the following figure:
103
Solving Procedure 9/9
(1) Calculate Vav
Vav=(V1+V2)/2
(2) the interface composition yi1 and xi1 at point y1,x1 in the tower must be determined by
plotting line P1M1 , whose slope is calculated by (please see P672 for more details)
k x .a /(1 x) iM
`
k x .a
slope
k y` .a /(1 y ) iM k y .a
k x` .a /(1 x1 )
slope
k y` .a /(1 y1 )
(3) If the overall coefficient K`ya is being used , y*1and y*2 are determined as shown in
the past figure . If K`ya is used x1*and x2*are obtained
(4) Calculate the log mean driving force (y-yi)M from equation (10.6.27) if k`ya is used .
For K`ya, (y-y*)M is calculated by equation (10.6.28)
(5) Calculate the column height z by substituting into the appropriate equation 104
Example 10.6-4 1/12
Absorption of Acetone in a Packed Tower.
Acetone is being absorbed by water in a packed tower having a
cross sectional area of 0.186 m2 at 293 K and 101.32 (1 atm).
The inlet air contains 2.6 mol % acetone and outlet 0.5%. The gas
flow is 13.65 kg mol inert air/h. The pure water inlet flow is 45.36
kg mol water/h. Film coefficients for the given flows in the tower
are k’y a = 3.78 x 10-2 kg mol/s.m3.mol frac. And k’x a = 6.16 x10-2
kg mol/s.m3.mol frac. Equilibrium data are given in Appendix A.3.
(a) Calculate the tower height using k’y a.
(b) Repeat using k’x a.
(c) Calculate K’y a, and the tower height.
105
Example 10.6-4 2/12
0.028
y1
slope = -1.62
0.012
y2
0.004
yi2
Hence, the equilibrium line is Fig. 10.6-10: Location of interface composition for example 10.6-2.
x1 = 0.00648
0 0.026 x1 0.005
45.36 13.65 45.36 13.65
1 0 1 0.026 1 x1 1 0.005 106
0.028
y1
slope = -1.62
0.024
Example 10.6-4
operating line
3/12 0.020
yi1 0.016
0.012
y 1 0.008
* equilibrium line
y2
0.004
yi2
y *2 0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014
x2 xi2 x1 xi1
Fig. 10.6-10: Location of interface composition for example 10.6-2.
yi1 0.016
0.012
(1 yi1 ) (1 y1 )
yi2
y*2 0
(1 y ) iM
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014
x2 xi2 x1 xi1
ln[(1 yi1 ) /(1 y1 )] Fig. 10.6-10: Location of interface composition for example 10.6-2.
(1 0.0154) (1 0.026)
0.979
ln[(1 0.0154) /(1 0.026)]
Using Eq.(10.4-7),
(1 x1 ) (1 xi1 )
(1 x ) iM
ln[(1 x1 ) /(1 xi1 )]
(1 0.00648) (1 0.0130)
0.993
ln[(1 0.00648) /(1 0.0130)]
108
0.028
y1
slope = -1.62
0.024
Example 10.6-4
operating line
5/12 0.020
yi1 0.016
0.012
y 1 0.008
* equilibrium line
y2
0.004
yi2
y*2 0
Hence, the approximate slope and interface values are accurate enough. For the slope at
point y2, x2.
Example 10.6-4
operating line
6/12 0.020
yi1 0.016
0.012
( y1 yi1 ) ( y2 yi 2 )
y 1 0.008
* equilibrium line
y2
( y yi ) M
0.004
yi2
y*2 0
ln[( y1 yi1 ) /( y2 yi 2 )]
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014
x2 xi2 x1 xi1
Fig. 10.6-10: Location of interface composition for example 10.6-2.
Example 10.6-4
operating line
7/12 0.020
yi1 0.016
0.012
y 1 0.008
* equilibrium line
y2
0.004
yi2
y*2 0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014
x2 xi2 x1 xi1
Fig. 10.6-10: Location of interface composition for example 10.6-2.
45.36
L L1 L2 Lav
'
1.260 10 2 kgmol / s
3600
For part (a), substituting into Eq.(10.6-26) and solving.
Vav
( y1 y 2 ) k y' az ( y yi ) M
S
3.852 10 3
(0.026 0.005) (3.78 10 2 ) z (0.00602)
0.186
z 1.911m
111
0.028
y1
slope = -1.62
0.024
operating line
yi1 0.016
0.012
y 1 0.008
* equilibrium line
y2
0.004
yi2
x1
( xi x ) M
ln[( xi1 x1 ) /( xi 2 x2 )]
(0.013 0.00648) (0.0018 0)
0.00368
ln[(0.013 0.00648) /(0.0018 0)]
substituting into Eq. (10.6-30) and solving,
1.260 10 2 2
.026 0-.005
(00.00648 0 ) ( 6.16 10 ) z (0.00368)
0.186
checks
This z 1.part
936(a)
m quite closely.
112
0.028
y1
slope = -1.62
0.024
operating line
0.020
*
0.016
0.012
For part (c), substituting into Eq. (10.1-25) for point y1 ,x1.
(1 y1 ) (1 y1 )
(1 y )M
ln[(1 y1 ) /(1 y1 )]
(1 0.0077) (1 0.026)
0.983
ln[(1 0.0077) /(1 0.026)]
115
Example 10.6-4 12/12
0.028
y1
slope = -1.62
0.024
operating line
0.020
yi1 0.016
0.012