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  • Conducting An Investigatory Project Methods

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    Alodia Jabami
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    The document outlines the key components and considerations for the methods section of an investigatory project, including a description of all experimental procedures, materials used, data collection methods, and statistical analysis. It emphasizes that the methods allow other researchers to evaluate and potentially replicate the study. Different experimental designs like completely randomized design and randomized complete block design are also discussed.

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    Conducting an Investigatory Project Methods

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    The document outlines the key components and considerations for the methods section of an investigatory project, including a description of all experimental procedures, materials used, data collection methods, and statistical analysis. It emphasizes that the methods allow other researchers to evaluate and potentially replicate the study. Different experimental designs like completely randomized design and randomized complete block design are also discussed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    34 views27 pages

    Conducting An Investigatory Project Methods

    Uploaded by

    Alodia Jabami
    The document outlines the key components and considerations for the methods section of an investigatory project, including a description of all experimental procedures, materials used, data collection methods, and statistical analysis. It emphasizes that the methods allow other researchers to evaluate and potentially replicate the study. Different experimental designs like completely randomized design and randomized complete block design are also discussed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 27

    Investigatory Project

    Methods
    The method section informs the reader of the steps undertaken by
    the researcher and how he did them. It includes the following

    • All processes done during the actual experiment


    • All materials and amounts used in the study
    • Description of experimental and control setups
    • Kind of data gathered
    • Number of trials and replicates done
    • Description of the samples and reference population
    • Management of sample plants and/or animals
    • Sampling technique
    • Identification and classification of variables
    • Chemical, physical and microbiological analyses of samples
    • Manner of data collection, organization and processing
    • Statistical analysis (test of significance)
    Note:
    • The interpretation of the results of the study is taken in the light of
    the methods employed. The validity and reliability of the methods
    employed enable the reader to put more confidence on the results of
    the study.
    • Reproducibility of data is a primary consideration in evaluating
    reliability of the technique.
    • Validity of the methods ensures that the data gathered are relevant
    and appropriate to the problem being investigated.
    The Method Section
    A. Research Design
    B. Research Environment
    C. Materials and Equipment
    D. Experimental Procedures
    E. Data Gathering Procedures
    F. Statistical Procedures
    The use of the Schematic Diagrams
    The Gantt Chart
    The Research Design
    • Is the complete sequential steps the researcher undertakes in order
    to achieve the goal of the study
    • It is an intelligent plan of the researchers in pursuing the goals of the
    study.
    • Describes in sufficient detail the procedures employed in the research
    so it can be evaluated and repeated if necessary. Such description is
    important in evaluating the study. It guides the researcher in the
    conduct of the actual experiment.
    Basic Principles in Experimental Design
    • Replication - It refers to the repetition of the basic experiment done to
    provide an estimate variation among observations on units treated alike,
    assessing the significance of observed differences. It makes the test of
    significance possible.

    • Randomization - It is the assignment of the experimental units to the


    treatment or vice versa by pure chance. Its purpose is to show that a
    factor among various others, can best be considered as the cause of an
    observed phenomenon and not other factors. By randomization, the
    effects of the extraneous factors that can not be controlled perfectly are
    eliminated.
    • Control - This refers to the balancing, grouping, and blocking of
    experimental units that are employed to the adopted design. In
    blocking, experimental units are assigned to a group whose test
    organisms show similar characteristics, i.e., age, gender, height,
    weight, etc., or test conditions, i.e., pH gradient, salinity, amount of
    substance, etc. Its purpose is to achieve homogeneity in the
    characteristic among test organisms that are under study.
    Common Experimental Design Used
    • Pretest Postest of Equivalent Groups
    R O1 X O 2
    R O1 X O 2

    Key:
    X = Treatment O1 = Pretest
    R = Randomization O2 =Posttest
     
    TYPES of Experimental Design
    I. COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN (CRD)- 
    This is used when the experimental units are essentially homogeneous.
    Example:
    The Effect of Hormones on Weight Gain of Pigs
    · Three hormones are available:
    - Hormone 1
    - Hormone 2
    - Hormone 3
    · Homogeneity can come in the form of:
    - piglets from a litter, if sufficient
    - piglets of equal age
    - piglets with the equivalent weights
    · Suppose 16 experimental pigs were selected:
    - four (4) Treatments:
    Treatment A : Control
    Treatment B : Hormone 1
    Treatment C : Hormone 2
    Treatment D : Hormone 3
     
    · Floor Plan of Pig Pens:
    · Experimental Layout: (After Randomization)
    II. RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN
    (RCBD)

    - This design allows experimental units to be meaningfully grouped.

    - The number of units in a group is equal to the number of treatments


    or multiples of it.

    - Blocking allows units to be uniform so that observed differences will


    be largely due to treatments.
    Collection and Analysis of Data
    • Use of Dummy/Empty Tables

    Weight of Piglets before the application of treatments


    Treatment Replicate 1 Replicate 2 Replicate 2 Replicate 4
    Treatment 1
    Treatment 2
    Treatment 3
    Treatment 4
    Weight of Pigs 100 days after the application of treatments

    Treatment Replicate 1 Replicate 2 Replicate 2 Replicate 4


    Treatment 1 47 52 62 51
    Treatment 2 50 54 67 57
    Treatment 3 57 53 69 57
    Treatment 4 54 65 74 59
    Treatment Replicate 1 Replicate 2 Replicate 3 Replicate 4 Average
    (mean)
    Before Treatment 1
    Treatment
    (pretest) Treatment 2
    Treatment 3
    Treatment 4
    After 100 Treatment 1 47 52 62 51
    days
    (posttest) Treatment 2 50 54 67 57
    Treatment 3 57 53 69 57
    Treatment 4 54 65 74 59
    After 100 Days After 100 Days
    80 80

    70

    Weight of Pigs
    60
    Weight of Pigs

    60
    40

    50
    20
    40
    0 t A t B t C t D
    en en en en
    A B C tD m m m am
    n t n t n t n e at eat eat e
    e e e e Tr Tr Tr Tr
    m tm tm am
    e at e a e a e
    Tr Tr Tr Tr
    Statistical Analysis
    • Use Student’s t-test – compare two groups
    • Use Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) – compare 3 or more group
    Investigatory Project Preparation
    Workshop
    • Title
    • Statement of the Problems of Objectives
    • Use Venn Diagram to Outline the Rationale or Background of the
    Study and the Significance of Study
    • Outline the Review of Related Literature
    • Outline Methods using Schematic Diagram
    • Cite at least 5 possible References

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