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Characteristic of Enteric Bacteria
Characteristic of Enteric Bacteria
ASSIGNMENT
ON
Habitat
• digestive tube(colon) of human and animals
• 150 Species
• Facultative anaerobes
• Diarrheal illnesses
• 3 million death/year
• 4 billion infectoions/ worldwide
• Classification – more than15 different genera
Escherichia
Shigella Proteus
Edwardsiella Providencia
Salmonella Morganella
Citrobacter Yersinia
Klebsiella Erwinia
Enterobacter Pectinobacterium
Hafnia
Serratia
Morphology and General Characteristics
Are facultative anaerobes
Gram-negative, non-sporing, rod shaped bacteria
If motile, motility is by peritrichous
flagella(Except Shigella & Klebsiella)
Many are normal inhabitants of the intestinal tract
of man and other animals
Some are enteric pathogens and others are urinary
or respiratory tract pathogens
Differentiation is based on biochemical reactions
and differences in antigenic structure
Morphology and Physiology
• Facultative anaerobes.
Opportunistic
pathogens
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Enterobacter aerogenes Obligate pathogens
Serratia marcescens Salmonella spp.
Proteus spp. Shigella spp.
Providencia spp. Yersinia spp.
Citrobacter spp. Some E. coli strains
SITES OF INFECTIONS WITH MEMBERS OF
THE ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. Chromosomally encoded
2. Neurotoxic
3. Enterotoxic
4. Cytotoxic
• Enterotoxicity can make the disease clinically
• appear as a diarrhea.
• The toxin inhibits protein synthesis (acting on the
• 60S ribosome and lysing 28S rRNA).
Clinical significance
• man only "reservoir"
• mostly young children
– fecal to oral contact
– children to adults
• transmitted by adult food handlers
– unwashed hands
• Diagnosis of Shigella infection
• Specimen: stool.
• Culture and Identification
• Quick immunological methods:
• 1.Immunofluorescent “ball” test;
• 2.Coagglutination.
• Biochemical character:
• Positive result for:
• Nitrate reduction
• Methyl red
• Acid production from:
• D-mannose
• Negative result for:
• H2S production
• Oxidase
• Citrate utilization
• Voges-proskauer
• Urea hydrolysis
• Ecology
• Widely distributed in nature
• Isolated from feces, water, and soil.
• The normal habitat is intestinal tract of man and apes.
• A. Specimens
a) Enteric fever: blood, bone marrow, stool, urine.
b) Food poisoning: stool, vomitus, suspected food.
c) Septicemia: blood.
• B. Culture and identification
• C. Widal test
XLD Agar: Appearance of Salmonella
Ecology:
Widely distributed in nature, isolated from water,
foods( raw meat, poultry, eggs, milk and dairy products,
fish, shrimp, frog legs, yeast, coconut etc.), soil, plant,
feces, animal organ and carcases( which may be
contaminated during slaughtering and processing).
Also have been isolated from the outside of egg shells.
Klebsiella
• Morphology :
• Gram negative
• Straight, non-motile, capsulated
• 0.3-1.0 m x 0.6-6 m bacilli.
• K. oxytoca strains produce a dark brown pigment when
growth on media containing gluconate and ferric citrate.
• Cultural characteristics:
• Glistening moist colonies of varying degrees of
stikiness(M-type colonies).
• K. granulomatis grow intra cellulary only; it has not
been cultured.
• No special requirement.
• Facultatively anaerobic, optimum growth temperature
35-37C .
• Media : Nutrient Agar/broth, Trypticase Soy Agar + 5%
sheep blood , Mac Conkey , Muller-Hinton Agar.
• K.granulomatis grow in the yolk sac of developing
embryo or in cell cultures(fresh mononuclear cell or
Hep-2 cell line.
K. Pneumoniae On BA
• Biochemical character:
• Positive result for:
• Catalase
• Nitrate reduction(except K. singaporensis)
• Acid production from:
• L-arabinose
• Cellobiose
• Glucose
• Mannitol
• D-mannose
• Negative result for:
• Oxidase
• H2s production
• Arginine dihydrolase
• Gelatin hydrolysis
• Ecology:
• Widely distributed in nature
• Isolated from soil and plants they seem to be responsible
for nitrogen fixation, also isolated from water, and some
from clinical specimens(human and animal).
Serratia
• Morphology:
• Gram negative, straight rods
• 0.5-0.8 x 0.9-2.0 m
• Non-capsulated
• Some strains are capsulated
• Motile by peritrichous flagella
• Some species produce a red, water insoluble
pigment(prodigiosin).Pigment production is variable
and not all strains produce it.
• Production is influenced by cultural conditions(30C)
and medium composition.
• Cultural characteristic:
• Colonies are 1 to3 mm in diameter, circular, shiny,
opaque, cream-white and smooth with entire margin.
• Some strains may have a distinctive musty odour.
• Facultatively anaerobic
• Growth temperature 20-35C (range may vary from 10-
40C).
• For S.plymuthica many test that are positive at 28-35C,
give negative result at 37C.
• Don’t require growth factors.
• Media: Nutrient Agar or Nutrient Broth, Trypticase Soy
Agar 5 % shee blood, Mac Conkey Agar, Milk Agar.
• Biochemical character:
• Positive result for:
• Catalase
• ONPG
• Citrate utilization
• Acid production from:
• Glucose
• Mannitol
• Maltose
• Glycerol
• D-mannose
• S.marcescens subsp. Sakuensis differes from
S.marcescens subsp. Marcescens in negative L-
arabitol forming(positive for S.marcescens subsp.
Marcescens ).
• S.quinivorans can be differentiated by negative
aesculin hydrolysis and acid production from salicin.
• Ecology:
• Widely distributed in nature
• Isolated from water, soil, foods, human and animal
clinical specimens, mainly from wounds and the
respiratory tract (more frequently S. marcescens) also
from moluscs and insects.
• S.fonticola and S. ureilytica have been isolated from
water.
• S.plymuthica has been isolates from various parts and
S.rubidaea also from plants, mostly coconuts.
• S. ficaria has been isolates from male figs and from
Blastophaga psenes (a fig tree-specific polinator that
breeds in male figs)
• S. glossinae has been isolated from the midgut of the
tsetse fly Glossina palpalis gambiensi.
• S. nematodiphila has been isolated from the intestine of
the nematode Heterorhabditidoides chongmingensis.
Proteus
• Morphology:
• Gram negetive , straight rods, .4-0.6 x 1.0-3.0 m.
• Cultural characteristic:
• Facultatively anaerobic , growth temperature 37C .
• Highly motile by peririchous flagella, resulting a thin
film of bacteria on the agar surface (swarming).
• S-type, non-pigmented colonies on swarming
ihibitory media, majority are haemolytic on blood
agar.
• Isolation and growth media:
• Nutrient Agar or Nutrient broth, Muller-Hinton agar,
Trypticase Soy Agar 5% sheep blood : swarming ,
transparent,non-hemolytic colonies (with few
exceptions );
• Mac Conkey Agar: white transparent colonies (lactose
negative)-swarming inhibited;
• Rambach agar : white transparent colonies(lactose
negetive)-swarming inhibited.
• Biochemical character:
• Positive result for:
• Catalase
• Methyl red
• Urease
• Nitrate reduction
• Acid production from:
• Glucose
• Glycerol
Negative result for:
Oxidase
ONPG
Acid production from:
L-arabinose
D-arabiol
D-mannitol
D-mannose
Lactose
Ecology:
Isolate from urine, faeces,(human and animal sources),
soil and sewage.
Commonly found in the intestinal tract as part of normal
flora.P.myxofaciens has been isolated only from living
and dead gypsy moth larvae.
Yersinia
• Morphology:
• Gram negative, bipolar, 1.0-3.0 x 0.5-0.8 m rods.
• Motile in vitro, but non motile in vivo.
• Non motile at 37C , but motile with 2-15
peritrichous flagella when grown below 30C, except
for Yersinia pestis, which is always nonmotile .
• Non capsule and no spores are produced.
• Cultural characteristic:
• Small, gray white, opaque, irregular colonies,0.1 to
1.0 mm in diameter after 24 hours incubation.
• Y. pestis strains do not produce pigment but adsorb
large amounts of exogenous hemin that cause
formation of apparently pigmented colonies at 26C.
• Facultatively anaerobic, optimum growth temperature
28C.
• Grow very slow at 4C (1-3 weeks).
• Media: Nutrient Agar or Nutrient broth, Trypticase Soy
Agar 5% sheep blood , MacConkey-lactose negative
colonies
• Biochemical character:
• Positive result for:
• Catalase+
• Methyl red+
• Ntrate reduction+
• acid production from
• Glucose+
• D-mannitol+
• D-mannose+
• Trehalose+
Negative result for:
Oxidase-
H2s production-
Voges-Proskauer-
Citrate utilization-
Acid production from
Lactose-
Meso-inositol-
Ecology:
Isolated mostly from some fron fish, snails, oysters,
frogs.
Also isolated from humans (feces, sputum, blood, urine,
absceses, lymph nodes), animals(rodents, swine, cattle,
birds), soil and foods(milk, meat).
Oxidase Test
Negative
Positive
Enterobacteriaceae
Pseudomonas
MacConkey’s agar & TSI
O/F test: O+/F-
Nitrate test: +ve further
Pink colonies on MacConkey colorless colonies on MacConkey reduction to N2
& acidic butt and slant on TSI & acidic butt alkaline slant onTSI
Growth on cetrimide agar:
Lactose fermenter Lactose non-fermenter Pale colonies with green
pigmentation
IMViC test
No H2S production H2S production
& EMB (no blacking in TSI) (blacking in TSI)
Urease Test
• http://www.cram.com/flashcards/enteric-
bacteria-1918627
• Bergey, D. H., Harrison, F. C., Breed, R. S., Hammer, B.
W. and Huntoon, F. M. (1957). Bergey's manual of
determinative bacteriology. Bergey's Manual of
Determinative Bacteriology., (Edn 7).
• J.G.Holt et al. (1994). Facultatively anerobic gram –
negative rods.Subgroup1.Family Enterobacteriaceae. In
Bergey's manual of determinativebacteriology.Williams
and Wilkins, pp- 175-189.
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