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History and Quantum Mechanical Quantities
Introduction to
Quantum Physics
Applications of Quantum Mechanics
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Appendix
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Introduction to Quantum Physics
Key terms
• atomic orbital The quantum mechanical behavior of an electron in an atom describing the probability of the electron's particular
position and energy.
• Bell's theorem A no-go theorem famous for drawing an important line in the sand between quantum mechanics (QM) and the
world as we know it classically. In its simplest form, Bell's theorem states: No physical theory of local hidden variables can ever
reproduce all of the predictions of quantum mechanics.
• black body An idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of
incidence. Although black body is a theoretical concept, you can find approximate realizations of black body in nature.
• black body radiation The type of electromagnetic radiation within or surrounding a body in thermodynamic equilibrium with its
environment, or emitted by a black body (an opaque and non-reflective body) held at constant, uniform temperature.
• black body radiation The type of electromagnetic radiation within or surrounding a body in thermodynamic equilibrium with its
environment, or emitted by a black body (an opaque and non-reflective body) held at constant, uniform temperature.
• black body radiation The type of electromagnetic radiation within or surrounding a body in thermodynamic equilibrium with its
environment, or emitted by a black body (an opaque and non-reflective body) held at constant, uniform temperature.
• coherence an ideal property of waves that enables stationary (i.e., temporally and spatially constant) interference
• cryptography the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties
• diffraction The bending of a wave around the edges of an opening or an obstacle.
• electron affinity the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom or molecule to form a negative ion
• elementary particle a particle not known to have any substructure
• epistemological Of or pertaining to epistemology or theory of knowledge, as a field of study.
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Introduction to Quantum Physics
• free-electron laser a laser that use a relativistic electron beam as the lasing medium, which moves freely through a magnetic
structure
• grating Any regularly spaced collection of essentially identical, parallel, elongated elements.
• ground state the stationary state of lowest energy of a particle or system of particles
• harmonic oscillator a system that, when displaced from its equilibrium position, experiences a restoring force F proportional to
the displacement x
• interference An effect caused by the superposition of two systems of waves, such as a distortion on a broadcast signal due to
atmospheric or other effects.
• ionization energy the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule in the gas phase
• laser A device that produces a monochromatic, coherent beam of light.
• matter wave A concept reflects the wave-particle duality of matter. The theory was proposed by Louis de Broglie.
• Maxwell's equations A set of equations describing how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other
and by charges and currents.
• Maxwell's equations A set of equations describing how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other
and by charges and currents.
• monochromatic Describes a beam of light with a single wavelength (i.e., of one specific color or frequency).
• particle accelerator A device that accelerates electrically charged particles to extremely high speeds, for the purpose of
inducing high-energy reactions or producing high-energy radiation.
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Introduction to Quantum Physics
• photoelectric effect The observation of electrons being emitted from matter (metals and non-metallic solids, liquids, or gases)
as a consequence of their absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation.
• photoelectric effect The occurrence of electrons being emitted from matter (metals and non-metallic solids, liquids, or gases)
as a consequence of their absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation.
• photoelectric effects In photoelectric effects, electrons are emitted from matter (metals and non-metallic solids, liquids or
gases) as a consequence of their absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation.
• photoelectron Electrons emitted from matter by absorbing energy from electromagnetic radiation.
• photon The quantum of light and other electromagnetic energy, regarded as a discrete particle having zero rest mass, no
electric charge, and an indefinitely long lifetime.
• photon The quantum of light and other electromagnetic energy, regarded as a discrete particle having zero rest mass, no
electric charge, and an indefinitely long lifetime.
• Planck constant a physical constant that is the quantum of action in quantum mechanics. It has a unit of angular momentum.
The Planck constant was first described as the proportionality constant between the energy of a photon (unit of
electromagnetic radiation) and the frequency of its associated electromagnetic wave in his derivation of the Planck's law
• probability density function Any function whose integral over a set gives the probability that a random variable has a value in
that set.
• Rayleigh criterion The angular resolution of an optical system can be estimated from the diameter of the aperture and the
wavelength of the light, which was first proposed by Lord Rayleigh.
• relativistic quantum mechanics a theoretical framework for constructing quantum mechanical models of fields and many-body
systems
• scanning tunneling microscope An instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.
• Schrödinger equation A partial-differential that describes how the quantum state of some physical system changes with time. It
was formulated in late 1925 and published in 1926 by the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger
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Introduction to Quantum Physics
• semiclassical approach A theory in which one part of a system is described quantum-mechanically whereas the other is
treated classically.
• silver halide The light-sensitive chemicals used in photographic film and pape
• special relativity A theory that (neglecting the effects of gravity) reconciles the principle of relativity with the observation that the
speed of light is constant in all frames of reference.
• spin A quantum angular momentum associated with subatomic particles; it also creates a magnetic moment.
• string theory an active research framework in particle physics that attempts to reconcile quantum mechanics and general
relativity
• wave-particle duality A postulation that all particles exhibit both wave and particle properties. It is a central concept of quantum
mechanics.
• wave-particle duality A postulation that all particles exhibit both wave and particle properties. It is a central concept of quantum
mechanics.
• wave-particle duality A postulation that all particles exhibit both wave and particle properties. It is a central concept of quantum
mechanics.
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Introduction to Quantum Physics
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Introduction to Quantum Physics
Photoelectric Effect
A brief introduction to the Photoelectric Effect and electron photoemission.
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Introduction to Quantum Physics
Reconstructing a hologram
An interference pattern can be considered an encoded version of a scene, requiring a particular key - the original light source - in order to view its
contents. This missing key is provided later by shining a laser, identical to the one used to record the hologram, onto the developed film. When this beam
illuminates the hologram, it is diffracted by the hologram's surface pattern. This produces a light field identical to the one originally produced by the scene
and scattered onto the hologram
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Introduction to Quantum Physics
Recording a hologram
Holograms are recorded using a flash of light that illuminates a scene and then imprints on a recording medium, much in the way a photograph is
recorded. In addition, however, part of the light beam must be shone directly onto the recording medium - this second light beam is known as the
reference beam.
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Introduction to Quantum Physics
Laser
Red (635-nm), green (532-nm), and blue-violet (445-nm) lasers
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laser
Photons emitted in a coherent beam from a laser.
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Fluorescence
Fluorescent minerals emit visible light when exposed to ultraviolet light
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Electromagnetic spectrum
This shows the electromagnetic spectrum, including the visible region, as a function of both frequency (left) and wavelength (right).
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Introduction to Quantum Physics
Phosphorescence
Phosphorescent material glowing in the dark.
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Introduction to Quantum Physics
Heisenberg Microscope
Heisenberg's microscope, with cone of light rays focusing on a particle with angle \epsilon
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Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Rayleigh criterion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh%20criterion
• Wikipedia. "matter wave." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/matter%20wave
• Wikipedia. "Uncertainty principle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle
• Wikipedia. "Heisenberg's microscope." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisenberg's_microscope
• Wikipedia. "black body radiation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/black%20body%20radiation
• Wikipedia. "wave-particle duality." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wave-particle%20duality
• Wikipedia. "photoelectron." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/photoelectron
• Wikipedia. "Photoelectric effect." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect
• Wikipedia. "Photoelectric effect." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect
• Wikipedia. "free-electron laser." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/free-electron%20laser
• Wikipedia. "coherence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/coherence
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/monochromatic
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• Wikipedia. "Laser." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser%23Gain_medium_and_cavity
• Wikipedia. "photoelectric effects." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/photoelectric%20effects
• Wikipedia. "Maxwell's equations." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell's%20equations
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Introduction to Quantum Physics
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Introduction to Quantum Physics
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Introduction to Quantum Physics
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