Motivation: Prepared by Swati Bansal Asst - Professor Sharda University

Motivation
Prepared By
Swati Bansal
Asst.Professor
Sharda University
Motivation
• An internal state that arouse ,directs and
maintains behaviour
Types of Motivation
• Intrinsic Motivation • Extrinsic Motivation
• Associated with seeking • Motivation created
out and conquering
challenges in pursuit of
by external factors
personal interests and the like rewards and
exercise of capabilities punishments
• Associated with activities • Not interested in the
that are their own reward
activity for its own
• Enjoyment of a task or the
sense of accomplishment sake, but instead for
that it brings possible gains
Theories of Motivation:
1) Abraham Maslow‟s
“Need Hierarchy Theory” :
One of the most widely mentioned theories of
motivation is the hierarchy of needs theory put
forth by psychologist Abraham Maslow. Maslow
saw human needs in the form of a hierarchy,
ascending from the lowest to the highest, and he
concluded that when one set of needs is satisfied,
this kind of need ceases to be a motivator.
As per his theory this needs are
(i) Physiological needs : These are important needs
for sustaining the human life. Food, water, warmth,
shelter, sleep, medicine and education are the basic
physiological needs which fall in the primary list of
need satisfaction. Maslow was of an opinion that
until these needs were satisfied to a degree to
maintain life, no other motivating factors can work.
(ii) Security or Safety needs : These are the needs to

be free of physical danger and of the fear of losing a
job, property, food or shelter. It also includes
protection against any emotional harm..
(iii) Social needs : Since people are
social beings, they need to belong and
be accepted by others. People try to
satisfy their need for affection,
acceptance and friendship .
(iv) Esteem needs : According to Maslow, once
people begin to satisfy their need to belong,
they tend to want to be held in esteem both by
themselves and by others. This kind of need
produces such satisfaction as power, prestige
status and self-confidence. It includes both
internal esteem factors like self-respect,
autonomy and achievements and external
esteem factors such as states, recognition and
attention
(v) Need for self-actualization : Maslow
regards this as the highest need in his
hierarchy. It is the drive to become
what one is capable of becoming, it
includes growth, achieving one‟s
potential and self-fulfillment. It is to
maximize one‟s potential and to
accomplish something.
Frederick Herzberg‟s motivation-hygiene
theory
Frederick has tried to modify Maslow‟s need Hierarchy theory. His
theory is also known as two-factor theory or Hygiene theory. He
stated that there are certain satisfiers and dissatisfiers for employees
at work.
In- trinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while extrinsic
factors are associated with dissatisfaction.
He states that presence of certain factors in the organization is

natural and the presence of the same does not lead to motivation.
However, their nonpresence leads to demotivation. In similar
manner there are certain factors, the absence of which causes no
dissatisfaction, but their presence has motivational impact.
Vroom‟s Valence x Expectancy theory :
• The most widely accepted explanations of motivation has been
propounded by Victor Vroom. His theory is commonly known as
expectancy theory. The theory argues that the strength of a
tendency to act in a specific way depends on the strength of an
expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and
on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual to make
this simple, expectancy theory says that an employee can be
motivated to perform better when their is a belief that the better
performance will lead to good performance appraisal and that
this shall result into realization of personal goal in form of some
reward.
• Therefore an employee is : Motivation = Valence x Expectancy.
• The theory focuses on three things :
• Efforts and performance relationship
• Performance and reward relationship
• Rewards and personal goal relationship
Goal Setting Theory of Edwin Locke :
• Instead of giving vague tasks to people, specific and
pronounced objectives, help in achieving them faster.
As the clearity is high, a goal orientation also avoids
any misunderstandings in the work of the employees.
The goal setting theory states that when the goals to
be achieved are set at a higher standard than in that
case employees are motivated to perform better and
put in maximum effort. It revolves around the
concept of “Self-efficacy” i.e. individual‟s belief that
he or she is capable of performing a hard task.

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Motivation

(ii) Security or Safety needs : These are the needs to

He states that presence of certain factors in the organization is

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