FLOOR SYSTEM AND

ROOF SLAB SYSTEM

(Cast-In-Place and Pre-Cast)
GROUP 1
MELAN BOY ANTONIO
CHARLENE AGGARAO
CHRISTINE LLAPITAN
JADE IVAN DUMLAO
 Flat Slab Floor System
  Flat Slab Floor System

 A flat slab is a two-way reinforced concrete

slab that usually does not have beams and
girders, and the loads are transferred directly
to the supporting concrete columns. The
column tends to punch through the slab in
Flat Slabs, which can be treated by : Using a
DROP PANEL and a COLUMN CAPITAL
in flat slab.
 Drop panels act as T-beams over the supports.
They increase the shear capacity and the stiffness
of the floor system under vertical loads, thus
increasing the economical span range.
 Thisform of construction has become less
popular in recent years because of the limit on
economical spans of about 9.5 m for reinforced
slabs and about 12 m for prestressed slabs.
Reinforced flat slabs may need to be sensibly
pre-cambered (not overdone) to control
deflection.
What Is A Camber?
 To camber means to
slightly curve or bend.
 The principal features
of a flat slab floor are a
flat soffit, simple
formwork and easy
construction.
Types of Flat Slab Construction
Following are the types of flab slab construction:
 Simple flat slab
 Flat slab with drop panels
 Flat slab with column heads
 Flatslab with both drop panels and column
heads
Uses of Drop Panels and of Column
Heads
 It increase shear strength of slab
 It stiffen the slab and hence reduce deflection
 Drop panels play a significant role as they
augment the overall capacity and sturdiness of
the flooring system beneath the vertical loads
thereby boosting cost effectiveness of the
construction. Usually the height of drop panels is
about two times the height of slab.
 Areas That Require
Attention in Design of Flat
Slab
1. Deflections

 Usually at the center of each panel deflections

are maximum. Foreseeing deflections can be
very tricky and will engage some form of elastic
appraisal. While designing structure layout and
during implementation using sub frame method,
one way to evaluate mid-panel deflection is to
use at least two parallel column strips.
2. Proprietary punching shear
reinforcement systems
 In case of thin
flat slab
construction,
punching shear
reinforcements
are indispensable.
3. Optimization of Main Reinforcement

 In certain design
procedures,
especially in yield
line output is better
optimized than in
other design
methods.
Advantages of Flat Slabs
 Simple formwork.
 No beams—simplifying under-floor services outside
the drops
 Minimum structural depth
 Even though building flat slabs can be an expensive
affair but gives immense freedom to architects and
engineers the luxury of designing.
 Flexibility in room layout
 Saving in building height
 Shorter construction time
 Ease of installation of M&E services
Disadvantages of Flat
Slabs
 Medium spans
 Generally
not suitable for supporting brittle
(masonry) partitions
 Drop
panels may interfere with larger
mechanical ducting
 For reinforced flat slabs, deflection at the middle
strip may be critical.
Flat Plate System
Flat Plate System
 A flat plate is a one- or two-way system usually
supported directly on columns or load bearing
walls. It is one of the most common forms of
construction of floors in buildings. The principal
feature of the flat plate floor is a uniform or near-
uniform thickness with a flat soffit which
requires only simple formwork and is easy to
construct.
Advantages of System
 Simpleformwork and suitable for direct fix or
sprayed ceiling
 No beams—simplifying under-floor services
 Minimum structural depth and reduced floor-to
floor height.
Disadvantages of System
 Medium spans
 May need shear heads or shear reinforcement at
the columns or larger columns for shear
 Long-term deflection may be controlling factor
 Maynot be suitable for supporting brittle
(masonry) partitions
Ribbed and Waffle Slabs
Ribbed and Waffle Slabs
 Ribbed and waffle slabs provide a lighter and
stiffer slab than an equivalent flat slab, reducing
the extent of foundations. They provide a very
good form of construction where slab vibration
is an issue, such as laboratories and hospitals.
RIBBED SLABS
 Ribbed slabs are made up of wide band beams
running between columns with narrow ribs
spanning the orthogonal direction. Normally the
ribs and the beams are the same depth. A thin
topping slab completes the system.
EXAMPLES OF RIBBED SLABS
WAFFLE SLABS
 Waffle slabs tend to be deeper than the equivalent
ribbed slab. Waffle slabs have a thin topping slab
and narrow ribs spanning in both directions
between column heads or band beams. The
column heads or band beams are the same depth as
the ribs.
Advantages of System
 Excellent vibration control
 Fire resistance
 Attractive soffit appearance if exposed
 Speed of construction
 Flexible
Disadvantages of System
 Requires special or proprietary formwork
 Greater floor-to-floor height
Lift Slab Method
Lift Slab Method
 Lift slab construction is a method of constructing
concrete buildings by casting the floor or roof
slab on top of the previous slab and then raising
the slab up with hydraulic jacks.
 Lift-slab construction can be more economic
than conventional construction when the
building is vertically uniform, such as for hotels,
apartment buildings, and dormitories, and where
the slab designs are repetitive.
 Toraise the slabs, jacks are set atop the columns
and turn threaded rods that pass through the
collars and do the lifting. As each slab reaches its
final position, it is wedged in place and the
collars are welded to the columns.
Sequence of Lifting Slabs

The sequence of lifting slabs is influenced by the

following factors:
 Weight of the slabs.
 Height of the building.
 Lifting capacity of jacks.
Advantages of System
 The advantage of this system is that the only
formwork required is to the edges of the slabs
and no centering is required to the soffit of the
slabs.
 Lift-slabconstruction method becomes more
advantageous in buildings with similar floor
plans throughout the height of the building.
Disadvantages of System
 Thismethod is not use for multi-storey building,
only use for 15-16 storey building.
 Nolarge span slab are constructed in this type of
construction.
Span Stress Floor System
Span Stress Floor System

 Steel floor systems also means less labor and

cost. For example, the simplest solution of a
down stand solid web I-section beam as opposed
to a truss means; fewer structural elements, less
fabrication , fewer surfaces to be fire protected
and less time to design
Floor Stiffness
 Stiffnessis needed to ensure that a floor
behaves correctly from a dynamic point of
view, thereby assuring user comfort. This is
a complex subject, as the real issue is how
the floor responds (in terms of acceleration),
and that is a function of a number of
variables including stiffness and the mass
that is mobilized.
 Thetraditional approach, which is recognized as
being crude, for designing a floor to respond
acceptably is to check its natural frequency and
compare that with a limiting value (which is a
function of the floor mass).
 The required behavior depends on the function
for a given building/room. Some uses are less
tolerant to floor movements (e.g. an operating
theatre). Some uses (e.g. a gymnasium within an
office) are more likely to cause problems and
warrant particular attention
Slipform Construction
Technique
Slipform Construction Technique
 Slipform construction technique is an alternative
for conventional formwork system which helps
in continuous vertical and horizontal
construction. The slipform helps to conduct
continuous pouring of the concrete to the moving
formwork. The process stops only when the
required length of casting is completed.
Development of Slipform Construction
 The property of cement and concrete to gain
sufficient strength to stay in shape once cast
within the initial setting time of 30 minutes lead
to the development of slip form construction
technique. Engineers took this property to
develop a moving formwork system so that the
concrete can be poured continuously.
 The height of the formwork is designed such a
way that, during the pouring of the upper level
formwork, the concrete poured in the below
formwork would have gained initial setting. The
concrete exposed when the formwork moves up
will remain firm.
Vertical Slipform Construction
Components of Slipform
 The slipform system is designed with varied
features. Generally, it consist of yoke legs. Yoke
legs are employed to lift and sustain the weight
of the entire structure, so that it behaves as a
single unit. Yoke legs are also used to connect
with the beams, scaffoldings and working
platforms to serve the supporting purpose.
 Tothe yoke legs,
walk-away
brackets are
connected. These
walkway brackets
will enable proper
placement of the
concrete.
Image Courtesy: Kjell Tore Fossa, Department of Structural Engineering The Norwegian
University of Science and Technology N-7491 Trondheim Norway
 The whole slipform assembly is lifted by means
of strand rods and lifting jacks. These primary
components are located at equal intervals so that
the uniform and good distribution of weight is
performed. In some construction, lifting process
are supported by means of hydraulic pump
components.
Features of Slipform Construction
 The slipform construction technique is a rapid
and a economic construction method compared
to the conventional formwork technique. This
helps to achieve huge cost saving. The technique
is best suitable for large building structures and
bridges. When small structures are concerned,
the projects with identical geometry can be
easily completed by slipform construction.
 Continuous movement of formwork in upward
direction is performed in slip form technique.
The movement is facilitated by hydraulic jacks
and jack rods. In the construction of vertical
structures, the rate of rising the formwork
upwards will be almost in the rate of 300mm per
hour. These rise with the help of the supports
from other permanent parts of the building.
Applications of Slipform
Construction Technique
1. Construction of Regular Core High Rise
Structures
 The slipform construction technique used in high
rise building construction will be performed by
vertically extruding the reinforced concrete
section. Regular shaped core structures and
buildings are easily constructed by this method.
2. Slipform Technique for Chimney
Construction
 The slipform technique used for the construction
of large chimneys, cooling towers and piers are
called as tapered slipform. This technique is used
for constructing vertical structures with varying
wall thickness, or shapes or diameters.
Slipform Construction of Collie Power Station, Western Australia
3. Construction of Steel Tanks
 Slipform construction technique helps to
construct the large volume cisterns in industries
and factories in a cost effective way.
4. Construction of Water Towers
 Theslipform technique helps to construct the
walls of water tanks uniformly  with better
quality. Tanks of thousands of litres are easily
constructed by this method.
Advantages of Slipform
Construction Technique
1. Non-stop Method of Construction
2. Increase rate of construction
3. Increase the productivity
4. Provide more working space
5. Creates safe work environment for the workers
6. Employs less accessory equipment
7. Increase flexibility in construction
8. Reduced Labor costs
9. Scaffolding and temporary works in construction is reduced
10. Uniform wall sections and layouts are obtained
 Non-stop Method of Construction
 Increase rate of construction
 Increase the productivity
 Provide more working space
 Creates safe work environment for the workers
 Employs less accessory equipment
 Increase flexibility in construction
 Reduced Labor costs
 Scaffolding and temporary works in construction
is reduced
 Uniform wall sections and layouts are obtained
Disadvantages of Slipform
Construction Technique
 High –cost for initial setup
 Requires Specialized workers and expertise
 Need sophisticated Equipment
 Dimensional Accuracy can go low in certain
conditions
THE END