I BN Pox, B. Coli, Mycology1

POX VIRUSES
I BN Dr. Radhika Betsy

DNA VIRUSES- DNA AS GENOME
POX VIRUS
CHARACTERISTICS
 Belongs to family Poxviridae
 Largest, most complex of all the viruses
 Visible under light microscope
 Disease –Orthopox virus – Variola causes smallpox and
Vaccinia causes vaccinia,
Molluscipox virus – Molluscum contagiosum causes Benign
skin lesions
 Habitat – All over the world; small pox eradicated; vaccinia-
very limited to lab workers
 Mode of transmission – through direct contact the mouth,
nose, tongue etc. Where infection; standing close by,
fomites, body fluids like blood, lesion secretions; through
infected cats, cattle, mice, humans, monkeys, squirrels etc.
 Site of infection – skin nodules
 Incubation period – 7-19 days; but during10-14 days onset of
UNDER LIGHT
MICROSCOPE AND
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE;
STRUCTURE
MORPHOLOGY
▫ Brick-shaped virus
▫ Largest animal viruses
– 300x 200x100 nm
▫ Complex viruses- no
discernible symmetry
of nucleocapsid
▫ Genome-Vertical section, bioconcave double stranded

DNA core , surrounded by double layered membrane
▫ Outer membrane is surrounded by envelope
▫ Lens shaped lateral body on both sides of DNA
CULTIVATION
 Growth
 CAM (Chorioallontoic membrane) of chicken embryo
 tissue culture-monkey kidney, HeLa and chicken embryo cells
 Variola and vaccinia viruses –pocks formation in 2-3 days
 Variola pocks- small, shiny, white, convex, non-necrotic,
non-haemorrhagic
 Vaccinia pocks- larger, irregular, greyish, flat, necrotic,
some haemorrhagic too
POXVIRUSES-HUMAN INFECTIONS
VARIOLA
 Variola virus – small pox
 Host- human and monkey
 Smallpox epidemic (past) – two forms
 Florid – fatal – India (Variola major)
 Alastrim – non-fatal – Latin America (Variola
minor)
 For both, Antigens are similar- some
biological properties differ
 Smallpox eradicated, vaccination stopped
 WHO – global eradication- on May 8, 1980
VACCINIA
 Unknown origin
 Smallpox vaccination- from vaccinia virus
 May be made from cowpox or smallpox virus
 Artificial virus
 Localized skin infections
 Using as vector for development of
recombinant vaccines
 Vaccinia and variola viruses – similar in
properties
MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM
 Benign epidermal tumour like lesions
 Only in humans
 Contagious disease
 Adults- sexual transmission also happens
 In proliferated epidermal cells – nodules
show hyaline acidophilic inclusion bodies-
molluscum bodies
 Could not be cultured yet
Dr. Betsy
BALANTIDIUM COLI
 Balatidium coli is a parasitic species of
ciliate protozoan responsible for the disease
Balantidiasis
 Balantidium coli is the largest protozoan and
the only ciliate known to parasitize humans
 Balantidiosis is a zoonotic disease
 It is acquired by humans via the fecal-oral
route from the normal host, the pig, where it
is asymptomatic
 Water is the vehicle for most cases of
Balantidiosis
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
 The protozoa are found worldwide
 Bolivia
 Papua New Guinea
 Philippines
 Host
 Humans are the principle host
 It is also reported in dogs
 It is common in monkeys and pigs
 Site of infection
 Caecum
 Large intestine
MORPHOLOGY
 Balantidium coli has 2 developmental stage
 Trophozoite stage
 Cyst stage
TROPHOZOITE
 Oval, points at anterior end 50-130
micrometer long
 Covered in cilia
 Non-infective
 Reproduce by binary fission and
conjugation
 Micronuclei and macronuclei
CYST
 Spherical
 40-60 micrometer across
 Covered with thick, hard cyst wall with cilia
 Infective
 Non-reproductive
 Macronuclei
 Infection -Balantidiosis
 Symptoms
 Acute, even hemorrhagic
 Diarrhoea
 Ulceration to gut wall
 Dysentery
 Colitis
 Abdominal pain
DIAGNOSIS
 Examination of patient’s stool- Hematoxylin
and eosin staining
 Biopsy
 Sigmoid scope is used to visually large
intestine
TREATMENT
 Three drugs are commonly used and
administered orally
 Tetracycline
 Metronidazole
 Iodoquinol
PREVENTION
 Avoid ingestion of material contaminated
with animal faeces
 Prevention and control sanitary disposal of
human and pig faeces
 Treatment of infected pigs
 Prevention of faecal contamination of food
and water
Dr. Betsy
MEDICAL MYCOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
 Study of fungi is called Mycology.

 All fungi are eukaryotic.
 Water, soil and decaying organic debris are natural
habitat.
 Their cell walls contain chitin, mannan and other
polysaccharides.
 Cytoplasmic membrane contains sterols.
 They divide asexually, sexually or by both
processes.
MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
 Yeasts - Round to oval unicellular fungi

 Yeasts like fungi
 Moulds - They grow as branching filaments
called hyphae.
 Dimorphic fungi - They exist as yeasts in the
host tissue and in the cultures at 37°C and as
hyphal (mycelial) forms in the soil and in the
cultures at 22-25°C.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
DISEASE PRODUCTION
 Superficial/ Cutaneous
 Subcutaneous
 Deep/ Systemic
SUBCUTANEOUS
MYCOSES
Dr. Betsy
MYCETOMA
 Mycetoma is a chronic granulomatous
infection of the subcutaneous tissue, usually
affects the foot and rarely the other parts of
body
 The disease was first described from
Madurai, South India.
 It is therefore commonly referred to as
Madura foot or Maduramycosis
 The disease is quite common in TamilNadu
AETIOLOGY
 Mycetoma is caused by a number of
actinomycetes and filamentous fungi
PATHOGENESIS
 The causative organism is believed to enter
the body through minor trauma
 The disease begins as a subcutaneous
swelling usually of foot, which enlarges and
burrows into the deeper tissues producing
characteristic abscess
 The abscess bursts with the formation of
chronic multiple sinuses discharging viscid,
seropurulent fluid containing granules
 The colour and consistency of the granules
vary with the different causative agents
LAB DIAGNOSIS
 Diagnosis is made from examination of
granules
TREATMENT
 Actinomycotic mycetoma usually respond
well to sulphonamides and antibiotics, but
mycotic mycetoma may require amputation
SPOROTRICHOSIS
 Sporotrichiosis is a nodular, ulcerating
disease of skin and subcutaneous tissue
 The fungus gains access through thorn pricks
or some injuries
CAUSATIVE AGENT
 Sporothrix schenckii- a dimorphic fungus
MORPHOLOGY
 S. schenckii occurs in the yeast phase in the
tissues and in cultures at 37 0C, and in the
mycelial phase in cultures at 22 -25
0
C(dimorphic fungus)
 Yeast phase appears as cigar-shaped cells
and mould form contains hyphae carrying
flower like clusters of small conidia borne on
delicate sterigmata
RHINOSPORIDIOSIS
 Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous
disease characterised by formation of friable
polyps, usually confined to the nose, mouth or eye
 Causative agent is Rhinosporidium seeberi
 More than 80% cases are reported in India and
Srilanka
 The mode of infection is not known but most
infections occur in males who have frequent
contact with stagnant water or aquatic life
 The fungus has not been cultivated
 Diagnosis depends on the demonstration of
sporangia
MORPHOLOGY
 Tissue sections stained with H & E stain show
large number of endospores within the
sporangia embedded in a stroma of
connective tissue and capillaries
 The sporangium (10-200 µm) contains
thousands of endospores (6-7 µm in
diametre)
Dr. Betsy
CANDIDIASIS
OPPORTUNISTIC MYCOSES
 Some saprophytic fungi usually do not
produce disease but may cause infection
under special condiations such as
immunocompromised individuals and in
terminal stages of chronic disease
 These are called opportunistic fungi
CANDIDIASIS
 Causative fungus : Candida albicans (80-90%
of cases)
 Candidiasis is an infection of skin, mucosa
and internal organs, caused by yeast like
fungus Candida albicans, and occasionally by
other Candida species
 Candida albicans is the normal inhabitant of
skin, gastrointestinal tract, oral and vaginal
cavities
MORPHOLOGY
 C. Albicans is an ovoid or spherical budding
yeast cell, 3-5 µm in diameter
PATHOGENESIS
 Candidiasis is an opportunistic endogenous
infection
 Predisposing factors for candidiasis are
diabetes, immunodeficiency, malignancy,
prolonged administration of antibiotics,
patients on immunosuppressive drugs and
intravenous catheters
 Lesions caused by candida are as follows
 Mucocutaneous lesions
 Oral thrush
 Vulvovaginitis –redness or inflamation at Vulvovagina
 Balanitis- reddish dots or inflamation at Penis
 Conjunctivitis- infection of conjunctiva
 Keratitis- redness of eye
 Skin and nail infections
 Skin- infections of axillae, groin, perineum and
submammary folds
 Nails- infections of finger webs, nail folds and nails may
occur. Paronychia and onychia are seen in those persons
who frequently immerse their hands in water
 In infants it may lead to napkin dermititis
 Systemic candidiasis
 Urinary tract infection
 Intestinal candidiasis
 It is a frequent sequel to oral antibiotic therapy and
present as diarrhoea
 Pulmonary candidiasis
 Endocarditis
 Meningitis
 Septicaemia
 Thrush- Pseudomembranous candidiasis
 The lesions are soft, white, slightly elevated plaques
frequently occuring on the buccal mucosa of tongue,
but may also be seen on the gingiva, palate and floor
of the mouth
 In severe cases, the entire oral cavity may be affected
 Thrush is very common in patients with HIV infection
or in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or
radiotherapy
 Infection may also be seen in neonates and infants due
to incompletely developed immune system
 It is also common in debiliated and chronically ill
persons
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
 Direct microscopy
 Gram stained smears and KOH mounts from
lesions of skin, nail or mucous membranes show
budding gram positive yeast cells
 Culture
 Candida species grow well on SDA and ordinary
bacteriological culture media e.g, blood agar
 They grow at 25-37 oC within 24 hrs
 Cream coloured, smooth, pasty colonies appear
 Gram stained smear from colonies shows gram
positive budding yeast cells
 Identification
 To differentiate C. Albicans from other species,
the Germ tube test is done
 Germ tube test: C. Albicans has ability to form
germ tubes within two hours when incubated in
human serum at 37 oC
THANK YOU

I BN Pox, B. Coli, Mycology1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

I BN Pox, B. Coli, Mycology1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

POX VIRUSES

I BN Dr. Radhika Betsy

▫ Genome-Vertical section, bioconcave double stranded

 Study of fungi is called Mycology.

 Yeasts - Round to oval unicellular fungi

You might also like