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I BN Pox, B. Coli, Mycology1
I BN Pox, B. Coli, Mycology1
▫ Brick-shaped virus
▫ Largest animal viruses
– 300x 200x100 nm
▫ Complex viruses- no
discernible symmetry
of nucleocapsid
BALANTIDIUM COLI
Balatidium coli is a parasitic species of
ciliate protozoan responsible for the disease
Balantidiasis
Balantidium coli is the largest protozoan and
the only ciliate known to parasitize humans
Balantidiosis is a zoonotic disease
It is acquired by humans via the fecal-oral
route from the normal host, the pig, where it
is asymptomatic
Water is the vehicle for most cases of
Balantidiosis
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
The protozoa are found worldwide
Bolivia
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Host
Humans are the principle host
It is also reported in dogs
It is common in monkeys and pigs
Site of infection
Caecum
Large intestine
MORPHOLOGY
Balantidium coli has 2 developmental stage
Trophozoite stage
Cyst stage
TROPHOZOITE
Oval, points at anterior end 50-130
micrometer long
Covered in cilia
Non-infective
Reproduce by binary fission and
conjugation
Micronuclei and macronuclei
CYST
Spherical
40-60 micrometer across
Covered with thick, hard cyst wall with cilia
Infective
Non-reproductive
Macronuclei
Infection -Balantidiosis
Symptoms
Acute, even hemorrhagic
Diarrhoea
Ulceration to gut wall
Dysentery
Colitis
Abdominal pain
DIAGNOSIS
Examination of patient’s stool- Hematoxylin
and eosin staining
Biopsy
Sigmoid scope is used to visually large
intestine
TREATMENT
Three drugs are commonly used and
administered orally
Tetracycline
Metronidazole
Iodoquinol
PREVENTION
Avoid ingestion of material contaminated
with animal faeces
Prevention and control sanitary disposal of
human and pig faeces
Treatment of infected pigs
Prevention of faecal contamination of food
and water
Dr. Betsy
MEDICAL MYCOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
CANDIDIASIS
OPPORTUNISTIC MYCOSES
Some saprophytic fungi usually do not
produce disease but may cause infection
under special condiations such as
immunocompromised individuals and in
terminal stages of chronic disease
These are called opportunistic fungi
CANDIDIASIS
Causative fungus : Candida albicans (80-90%
of cases)
Candidiasis is an infection of skin, mucosa
and internal organs, caused by yeast like
fungus Candida albicans, and occasionally by
other Candida species
Candida albicans is the normal inhabitant of
skin, gastrointestinal tract, oral and vaginal
cavities
MORPHOLOGY
C. Albicans is an ovoid or spherical budding
yeast cell, 3-5 µm in diameter
PATHOGENESIS
Candidiasis is an opportunistic endogenous
infection
Predisposing factors for candidiasis are
diabetes, immunodeficiency, malignancy,
prolonged administration of antibiotics,
patients on immunosuppressive drugs and
intravenous catheters
Lesions caused by candida are as follows
Mucocutaneous lesions
Oral thrush
Vulvovaginitis –redness or inflamation at Vulvovagina
Balanitis- reddish dots or inflamation at Penis
Conjunctivitis- infection of conjunctiva
Keratitis- redness of eye
Skin and nail infections
Skin- infections of axillae, groin, perineum and
submammary folds
Nails- infections of finger webs, nail folds and nails may
occur. Paronychia and onychia are seen in those persons
who frequently immerse their hands in water
In infants it may lead to napkin dermititis
Systemic candidiasis
Urinary tract infection
Intestinal candidiasis
It is a frequent sequel to oral antibiotic therapy and
present as diarrhoea
Pulmonary candidiasis
Endocarditis
Meningitis
Septicaemia
Thrush- Pseudomembranous candidiasis
The lesions are soft, white, slightly elevated plaques
frequently occuring on the buccal mucosa of tongue,
but may also be seen on the gingiva, palate and floor
of the mouth
In severe cases, the entire oral cavity may be affected
Thrush is very common in patients with HIV infection
or in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or
radiotherapy
Infection may also be seen in neonates and infants due
to incompletely developed immune system
It is also common in debiliated and chronically ill
persons
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Direct microscopy
Gram stained smears and KOH mounts from
lesions of skin, nail or mucous membranes show
budding gram positive yeast cells
Culture
Candida species grow well on SDA and ordinary
bacteriological culture media e.g, blood agar
They grow at 25-37 oC within 24 hrs
Cream coloured, smooth, pasty colonies appear
Gram stained smear from colonies shows gram
positive budding yeast cells
Identification
To differentiate C. Albicans from other species,
the Germ tube test is done
Germ tube test: C. Albicans has ability to form
germ tubes within two hours when incubated in
human serum at 37 oC
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