CHAPTER 6:

FLUID MEASUREMENTS
TUBES

A PITOT TUBE HAVING THE DIVERGING TUBE SHOWS

COEFFICIENTS OF 0.98 IS USED TO THE LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO FRICTION IN DISCHARGE WATER WHEN h=2.7m.
MEASURE THE VELOCITY OF AN ORIFICE NOZZLE OR TUBE MAYBE THE ARE A IS 1.7 Ao. NEGLECTING
EXPRESSED AS = WHERE V IS THE
WATER AT THE CENTER OF A PIPE ALL FRICTION LOSSES FIND THE
ACTUAL VELOCITY OF THE JET.
AS SHOWN. WHAT IS THE COMPUTE THE K FOR THE GIVEN TUBE VELOCITY AT THE THROAT AND
VELOCITY? AND THE LOSS OF HEAD. PRESSURE HEAD AT THE THROAT.
 
A PITOT TUBE HAVING
COEFFICIENTS OF 0.98 IS USED
TO MEASURE THE VELOCITY
OF WATER AT THE CENTER OF
A PIPE AS SHOWN. WHAT IS  SOLUTION:
THE VELOCITY?

V=C
 h = 18.6 – 15.5 = 3.1 ft.
  

 V = 0.98
 V = 13.8 fps
THE LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO
FRICTION IN AN ORIFICE NOZZLE
OR TUBE MAYBE EXPRESSED AS
ℎ_𝐿=(𝑘𝑉^2)/2𝑔 WHERE V IS THE
ACTUAL VELOCITY OF THE JET.
 SOLUTION:
COMPUTE THE K FOR THE GIVEN
TUBE AND THE LOSS OF HEAD.
 hL =
  hL =
 k=
 k=
 k = 0.0412
THE LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO
FRICTION IN AN ORIFICE NOZZLE
OR TUBE MAYBE EXPRESSED AS
ℎ_𝐿=(𝑘𝑉^2)/2𝑔 WHERE V IS THE
ACTUAL VELOCITY OF THE JET.
 V = Cv
COMPUTE THE K FOR THE GIVEN
TUBE AND THE LOSS OF HEAD.
 V=0
 V = 19.26
  
 hL =
 hL =
 hL = 0.238 ft.
THE DIVERGING TUBE  SOLUTION:
SHOWS DISCHARGE WATER
WHEN h=2.7m. THE ARE A IS
1.7 Ao. NEGLECTING ALL
FRICTION LOSSES FIND THE
VELOCITY AT THE THROAT
AND PRESSURE HEAD AT
THE THROAT.



 
 1.7 (7.277) =
 = 12.4 m/s

 = -
 = -
 =
NOZZLES

 THE NOZZLE THROWS A STREAM OF WATER VERTICALLY  A NOZZLE IS ATTACHED TO A PIPE AS SHOWN. THE INSIDE
UPWARD SO THAT THE POWER IN THE JET AT POINT 2 IS 3.5 DIAMETER OF THE PIPE IS 100 mm. WHILE THE WATER JET
hp. IF THE PRESSURE AT THE BASE OF THE NOZZLE, POINT 1 EXITING FROM THE NOZZLE HAS A DIAMETER OF 50 mm. IF
IS 36 psi, FIND THE THEORETICAL HEIGHT TO WHICH THE THE PRESSURE AT SECTION 1 IS 500 Kpa, DETERMINE THE
JET WILL RISE AND THE DIAMETER OF THE JET AT A POINT WATER JETS VELOCITY. ASSUME HEAD LOSS IN THE JET IS
18 ft. ABOVE POINT 2 NEGLIGIBLE.
THE NOZZLE THROWS A STREAM OF
WATER VERTICALLY UPWARD SO THAT  SOLUTION:
THE POWER IN THE JET AT POINT 2 IS
3.5 hp. IF THE PRESSURE AT THE BASE
OF THE NOZZLE, POINT 1 IS 36 psi, FIND
THE THEORETICAL HEIGHT TO WHICH  hP =
THE JET WILL RISE AND THE
DIAMETER OF THE JET AT A POINT 18 ft.
ABOVE POINT 2
 Q=
 E=

  = ²
 Q

 Q = 0.00545
 3.5(550) = 0.00545
 = 71.43 fps.

 h= =
 h = 79.2 ft.
THE NOZZLE THROWS A STREAM OF
WATER VERTICALLY UPWARD SO THAT
THE POWER IN THE JET AT POINT 2 IS
3.5 hp. IF THE PRESSURE AT THE BASE
OF THE NOZZLE, POINT 1 IS 36 psi, FIND
 = ² - 2g H
THE THEORETICAL HEIGHT TO WHICH
THE JET WILL RISE AND THE  = (71.43)² - 2(32.2)(18)
DIAMETER OF THE JET AT A POINT 18 ft.
ABOVE POINT 2

 Q=
  
 Q = 0.00545(71.43)

 Q = 0.389 ft³/s

 0.389 = D² (62.79)
 D = 0.0888 ft.
 D = 1.07 inches
A NOZZLE IS ATTACHED TO A PIPE
AS SHOWN. THE INSIDE DIAMETER
OF THE PIPE IS 100 mm. WHILE THE  SOLUTION:
WATER JET EXITING FROM THE
NOZZLE HAS A DIAMETER OF 50
mm. IF THE PRESSURE AT SECTION 1
IS 500 Kpa, DETERMINE THE WATER 
JETS VELOCITY. ASSUME HEAD
LOSS IN THE JET IS NEGLIGIBLE.


  

 = 0.25

 = 32.7 m/s
ORRIFICE AND BORDA MOUTHPIECE

A BORDA MOUTHPIECE 60mm WATER FLOWS FROM ONE TANK TO AN THE TANK SHOWN IS CLOSED AND
ADJACENT TANK THROUGH A 60mm THE AIR SPACE ABOVE THE WATER
IN DIAMETER HAS A SHARP-EDGE ORIFICE. THE HEAD OF IS UNDER PRESSURE, CAUSING
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF WATER ON ONE SIDE OF THE ORIFICE IS
THE FLOW TO INCREASE TO 2.65
0.52. WHAT IS THE DIAMETER 2.9m. AND THAT OF THE OTHER IS 0.7m.
ASSUMING Cc=0.63 AND Cv=0.96, cfs. FIND THE PRESSURE IN THE
OF THE ISSUING JET? CALCULATE THE FLOW RATE. AIR SPACE IF c=0.593.
A BORDA MOUTHPIECE
60mm IN DIAMETER HAS A
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT  SOLUTION:
OF 0.52. WHAT IS THE
DIAMETER OF THE
ISSUING JET?
 F = V2
 wh Ao =
 V2
   =
 V2 = Cv
 Cv =
 Q = Cd Ao
 Cv =
A BORDA MOUTHPIECE
60mm IN DIAMETER HAS A
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT
OF 0.52. WHAT IS THE  Cv = Cd Ao 2gh = g h Ao
DIAMETER OF THE
ISSUING JET?  Cv Cd (2) = 1
 Cv (0.52)(2) = 1
 Cv = 0.9615
 Cc Cv = Cd
 Cc (0.9615) = 0.52
 Cc = 0.5408
A BORDA MOUTHPIECE
60mm IN DIAMETER HAS A
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT
OF 0.52. WHAT IS THE
DIAMETER OF THE
ISSUING JET?
 Cc =
 0.5408 =

  0.5408 =

 Dj = 44.1 mm.
WATER FLOWS FROM ONE TANK
TO AN ADJACENT TANK  SOLUTION:
THROUGH A 60mm SHARP-EDGE
ORIFICE. THE HEAD OF WATER
ON ONE SIDE OF THE ORIFICE IS  h = 2.9 – 0.7
2.9m. AND THAT OF THE OTHER
IS 0.7m. ASSUMING Cc=0.63 AND  h = 2.2 m
Cv=0.96, CALCULATE THE FLOW
RATE.
 Q = CA
  
 C = Cc Cv
 C = 0.63(0.96)
 C = 0.6048

 Q = 0.6048 (0.06)²
 Q = 0.0112 m³/s
THE TANK SHOWN IS CLOSED
AND THE AIR SPACE ABOVE
THE WATER IS UNDER
PRESSURE, CAUSING THE
FLOW TO INCREASE TO 2.65  SOLUTION:
cfs. FIND THE PRESSURE IN
THE AIR SPACE IF c=0.593.

 Q = CA
 2.65 = 0.593
  
 h = 40.72 ft.
 h = 20 +
 = 20.72 ft.
 P=
VENTURI METER

WATER FLOWING IN A 12 INCH DIAMETER PIPE PASSES LIQUID FLOWS FROM A TO C AT THE RATE OF 222

THROUGH A VENTURI METER WITH A 6 INCH THROAT

  LITERS/SECOND THAT THE FRICTION LOSS BETWEEN A
DIAMETER. THE MEASSURED PRESSURE HEAD AND B IS NEGLIGIBLE BUT THAT BETWEEN B AND C IT IS
DIFFERENTIAL IS 150.5 IN OF WATER. ASSUMING A FIND THE PRESSURE HEADS AT A AND C.
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF 0.98, FIND THE FLOW RATE
OF METER THROUGH THE PIPE.
WATER FLOWING IN A 12 INCH
DIAMETER PIPE PASSES
THROUGH A VENTURI METER
WITH A 6 INCH THROAT
DIAMETER. THE MEASSURED
PRESSURE HEAD
DIFFERENTIAL IS 150.5 IN OF  SOLUTION:
WATER. ASSUMING A
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF
0.98, FIND THE FLOW RATE OF
METER THROUGH THE PIPE. 

  
 =
 =
 = 0.25
WATER FLOWING IN A 12 INCH
DIAMETER PIPE PASSES
THROUGH A VENTURI METER
WITH A 6 INCH THROAT
DIAMETER. THE MEASSURED
PRESSURE HEAD
DIFFERENTIAL IS 150.5 IN OF
WATER. ASSUMING A 
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF
0.98, FIND THE FLOW RATE OF
METER THROUGH THE PIPE.

  = 29.35 ft/s

 Q = CAV
 Q = 0.98 (29.35)
 Q = 5.65 ft³/s
LIQUID FLOWS FROM A TO C
AT THE RATE OF 222
LITERS/SECOND THAT THE
FRICTION LOSS BETWEEN A
AND B IS NEGLIGIBLE BUT
 SOLUTION:
THAT BETWEEN B AND C IT IS
FIND THE PRESSURE HEADS AT
A AND C.
   Q = 0.22 m³/s
  
LIQUID FLOWS FROM A TO C
AT THE RATE OF 222
LITERS/SECOND THAT THE
FRICTION LOSS BETWEEN A
AND B IS NEGLIGIBLE BUT 
THAT BETWEEN B AND C IT IS
FIND THE PRESSURE HEADS AT
A AND C.
   = 20.02 m.
  

WEIRS and SLUICE GATE
A RECTANGULAR, SHARP CRESTED
FLOW IS OCCURING IN A RECTANGULAR A SHARP CRESTED, CONTRACTED, WEIR WITH END CONTRACTION IS
CHANNEL AT A VELOCITY OF 3 fps. AND
RECTANGULAR WEIR CARRIES 1.4 m. LONG. HOW HIGH SHOULD IT
DEPTH OF 1.0 ft. NEGLECTING THE
EFFECT OF VELOCITY OF APPROACH, WATER AT AFLOW RATE OF 1.81 BE PLACED IN A OPEN CHANNEL
DETERMINE HEIGHT OF A SHARP- m/s. WHAT MUST BE THE LENGTH TO MAINTAIN AN UPSTREAM
CRESTED SUPPRESSED WEIR THAT OF THE WEIR IN ORDER FOR THE DEPTH OF 2.35 m. FOR A 0.40 m³/s
MUST BE INSTALLED TO RAISE THE HEAD OF FLOW BE 0.8m FLOW?
WATER DEPTH UPSTREAM OF THE WEIR
TO 4 ft.
FLOW IS OCCURING IN A
RECTANGULAR CHANNEL AT A
VELOCITY OF 3 fps. AND DEPTH OF
1.0 ft. NEGLECTING THE EFFECT OF
VELOCITY OF APPROACH,
 SOLUTION:
DETERMINE HEIGHT OF A SHARP-
CRESTED SUPPRESSED WEIR THAT
MUST BE INSTALLED TO RAISE THE
WATER DEPTH UPSTREAM OF THE  Q = AV
WEIR TO 4 ft.
 Q = L (1)(3)
 Q = 3L
  
 Q = 3.33
 3L = 3.33
 H = 0.93 ft.
 P = 4 – 0.93
 P = 3.07 (height of weir)
A SHARP CRESTED, CONTRACTED,
RECTANGULAR WEIR CARRIES
WATER AT AFLOW RATE OF 1.81 m/s.
WHAT MUST BE THE LENGTH OF  SOLUTION:
THE WEIR IN ORDER FOR THE HEAD
OF FLOW BE 0.8m


  Q = 1.69
 1.81 = 1.69
 L = 1.475 m.
A RECTANGULAR, SHARP CRESTED
WEIR WITH END CONTRACTION IS
 SOLUTION:
1.4 m. LONG. HOW HIGH SHOULD IT
BE PLACED IN A OPEN CHANNEL TO
MAINTAIN AN UPSTREAM DEPTH
OF 2.35 m. FOR A 0.40 m³/s FLOW?  Q = 1.84 L’
 Q = 1.84
  Q = 1.84
 0.4 =1.84
 H = 0.30
 P = 2.35 – 0.30
 P = 2.05 m.
A SLUICE GATE CONTROLS FLOW IN
OPEN CHANNELS. AT SECTIONS 1 AND
2, THE FLOW IS UNIFORM AND THE
 Solution:
PRESSURE IS HYDROSTATIC.
NEGLECTING BOTTOM FRICTION AND  Choose a control volume that cuts through known
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, DECIDE regions (section 1 and section 2, the bottom and the
THE VELOCITIES AND , AND THE
HORIZONTAL FORCE F REQUIRED TO atmosphere) and that cuts along regions where
HOLD THE GATE IF = 6 m, = 1 m, AND unknown information is desired (the gate, with its
b = 5 m. force F).
 
A SLUICE GATE CONTROLS FLOW IN
OPEN CHANNELS. AT SECTIONS 1 AND
2, THE FLOW IS UNIFORM AND THE
PRESSURE IS HYDROSTATIC.
NEGLECTING BOTTOM FRICTION AND
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, DECIDE
THE VELOCITIES AND , AND THE
HORIZONTAL FORCE F REQUIRED TO
HOLD THE GATE IF = 6 m, = 1 m, AND
 Assume steady incompressible flow with no
b = 5 m. variation across the width b. The inlet and
  outlet mass flows balance:

 m
  =
 or
A SLUICE GATE CONTROLS FLOW IN
OPEN CHANNELS. AT SECTIONS 1 AND
2, THE FLOW IS UNIFORM AND THE
PRESSURE IS HYDROSTATIC.
NEGLECTING BOTTOM FRICTION AND
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, DECIDE
THE VELOCITIES AND , AND THE
HORIZONTAL FORCE F REQUIRED TO
HOLD THE GATE IF = 6 m, = 1 m, AND
b = 5 m.  We may use gage pressures for convenience
  because a uniform atmospheric pressure causes no
force. With x positive to the right, equate the net
horizontal force to the x-directed momentum
change:
A SLUICE GATE CONTROLS FLOW IN
OPEN CHANNELS. AT SECTIONS 1 AND
2, THE FLOW IS UNIFORM AND THE
PRESSURE IS HYDROSTATIC.
NEGLECTING BOTTOM FRICTION AND
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, DECIDE
THE VELOCITIES AND , AND THE
HORIZONTAL FORCE F REQUIRED TO
HOLD THE GATE IF = 6 m, = 1 m, AND  Solve for and eliminate using the mass flow
b = 5 m.
relation. The desired result is:
 
  
A SLUICE GATE CONTROLS FLOW IN
OPEN CHANNELS. AT SECTIONS 1 AND
2, THE FLOW IS UNIFORM AND THE
PRESSURE IS HYDROSTATIC.
NEGLECTING BOTTOM FRICTION AND
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, DECIDE
THE VELOCITIES AND , AND THE
HORIZONTAL FORCE F REQUIRED TO
HOLD THE GATE IF = 6 m, = 1 m, AND
 Now, if we apply energy (Bernoulli) equation to
b = 5 m. the two points at the free surface before and
after the gate:
 
  

 Eliminate using the mass flow relation, then:

A SLUICE GATE CONTROLS FLOW IN
OPEN CHANNELS. AT SECTIONS 1 AND
2, THE FLOW IS UNIFORM AND THE
PRESSURE IS HYDROSTATIC.
NEGLECTING BOTTOM FRICTION AND
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, DECIDE
THE VELOCITIES AND , AND THE
HORIZONTAL FORCE F REQUIRED TO
HOLD THE GATE IF = 6 m, = 1 m, AND
b = 5 m.  where, = 6
 
    = 1.674 m/s ans.
 and
 x 1.674 m/s
 = 10.045 m/s ans.
A SLUICE GATE CONTROLS FLOW IN
OPEN CHANNELS. AT SECTIONS 1 AND
2, THE FLOW IS UNIFORM AND THE
PRESSURE IS HYDROSTATIC.
NEGLECTING BOTTOM FRICTION AND
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, DECIDE
THE VELOCITIES AND , AND THE
HORIZONTAL FORCE F REQUIRED TO
HOLD THE GATE IF = 6 m, = 1 m, AND
b = 5 m.  Finally the gate force is:
 
    = x 998 x 9.81 x 5 x 6² x [1-(
 -998 x 6 x 5 x 1.674² x (6-1)
 = 437 kN