The Demographic

Structure of the
Indian Society
Anmol Sharma Class 12 ARTS
DAV Model School Sec 15 Chandigarh
 CHAPTER CHECKLIST
 Introduction to Demography
 Theories & Concepts in Demography
 Size & Growth of Indian Population
The Demographic  Age Structure of Indian Population
Structure of the  The Declining Sex Ratio in India
Indian Society  Literacy
 Rural – Urban Differences
 Population Policy in India

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• Demography is the systematic study of the population of a country, area, community,

DEMOS GRAPHIEN
• Demography studies the trends and processes associated with population including –
changes in population size; patterns of births, deaths, and migration; and the structure
and composition of the population, such as the relative proportions of women, men
and different age groups.
• There are two types of Demography:
• Formal Demography: statistical analysis of population i.e., total
population, number of males, number of females, number of youth,
working population, rural urban (quantitative data)
• Social Demography: birth rate, death rate and migration that Types of
happens in a particular society.
Demography
 • . Demography is a field that is of special
importance to sociology:
• The emergence of sociology and its successful
establishment as an academic discipline owed a
lot to demography.
• Two different processes happened to take place
at roughly the same time in Europe during the
latter half of the eighteenth century – the
formation of nation-states as the principal form of
Demography political organisation, and the beginnings of the
modern science of statistics.
& Sociology • The modern state had begun to expand its role
and functions. It had, for instance, begun to take
. an active interest in the development of early
forms of public health management, policing and
maintenance of law and order, economic policies
relating to agriculture and industry, taxation and
revenue generation and the governance of cities
The Malthusian Theories of Population
Growth

• Malthusian Theory was propounded by Sir Thomas Robert Malthus.

Sir THOMAS ROBERT MALTHUS

• He argued that human populations tend to grow at a much faster rate than the rate at
which the means of human subsistence (specially food, but also clothing and other
agriculture-based products) can grow. Therefore humanity is condemned to live in
poverty forever.
• While population rises in geometric progression (i.e., like 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 etc.),
agricultural production can only grow in arithmetic progression (i.e., like 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
etc.).
• The only way to increase prosperity is by controlling the growth of population. He
identified two ways of controlling population growth, positive check and preventive
check. Positive check: Natural disasters cause many people die and the population is
naturally controlled. If one doesn't take care of themselves nature will take care of
them e.g. earthquakes, tsunami. Preventive check: Man made e.g. late marriage,
celibacy, contraceptives etc.
 Criticism of Malthusian Theory

• Malthu's theory was challenged by theorists who claimed that economic growth could outstrip population growth.
• The most effective refutation of his theory was provided by the historical experience of European countries.
• The pattern of population growth began to change in the latter half of nineteenth century, and by the end of the first
quarter of the twentieth century these changes were quite dramatic.
• Birth rates had declined, and outbreaks of epidemic diseases were being controlled.
• Malthus’s predictions were proved false because both food production and standards of living continued to rise
despite the rapid growth of population.
• Malthus was also criticised by liberal and Marxist scholars for asserting that poverty was caused by population
growth.
• The critics argued that problems like poverty and starvation were caused by the unequal distribution of economic
resources rather than by population growth.
• An unjust social system allowed a wealthy and privileged minority to live in luxury while the vast majority of the
people were forced to live in poverty.
 • Population growth is linked to overall levels of economic
development and that every society follows a typical pattern of
  development-related population growth.
Theory of • There are three basic phases of population growth-
1. Primitive Stage-underdeveloped countries (Africa).
Demographic 2. Second Stage-developing countries (India, Pakistan) stage of
Transition transition-» countries are moving from underdeveloped to
developed.
3. Third Stage-Developed countries (USA, UK).
 Underdeveloped Countries (stage 1)
• Birth rate is high since people are unaware of the advantages of
having small families, they are not educated. Demographic
• Death rate is also high since health and medical facilities are not
available. Therefore population is low.
Transition
 Developing Countries (stage 2)
• Birth rate is high as we live in a patriarchal society where men
decide how many children must be born and male child is preferred.
• Illiteracy and people are ignorant. Demographic
• Death rate is also low since health and medical facilities are
available. Therefore population is high and results in population Transition
explosion.
• Demographic Dividend when the working population increases
more than the non working population.
 Developed Countries (stage 3)
• Birth rate is low, people are educated and aware and use
contraceptives, birth control is popularised.
• Death rate is also low because of availability of health and medical Demographic
facilities. Therefore population is low.
Population Explosion: When the birth rate of a country is high and Transition
the death rate is low because of availability of health and medical
facilities.
Therefore population is exploding, increasing.
1.Birth Rate: Number of live births per thousand population.
2.Death Rate: Number of deaths per thousand population. Also called mortality rate.
3.Rate of natural increase: Difference between birth rate and death rate in an area.
4.Replacement Level: Present generation replaces the previous/older generation.
5.Zero level: Replacement is same. Same number of people replace same number of older generation
called stabilised level (parents replaced by 2 children).
6.Negative level: Number of people replacing older generation are less (parents replaced by child).
7.Population explosion: Number of people replacing the older generation is more. Working population
is more than the dependent population.
8.Fertility Rate: Number of live births between the age of 15-49 yrs per thousand women.
9.Total Fertility Rate: Number of women who give birth to children in a particular area at a particular
age (15-49 yrs)
Common
10.Infant Mortality Rate: Number of infants who have died below the age of 1 per thousand live births. Concepts
of
11.Maternal Mortality Rate: Number of women who die during child birth per thousand population.
12.Life expectancy Rate: Number of years that one is expected to live as determined by statistics may
be individually qualified by the person's condition, race, sex, age or other demographic factors.
13.Sex Ratio: Number of females per thousands males.
Population
14.Age structure: The structure of the population in terms of age (in India 0-15 = youth, 15-65 =
Working population, above 64 years = dependent population)
15.Dependency Ratio: The number of people who are not working and are dependent on the working
population. Ratio of the dependent population to the working population is higher.
16.Demographic Dividend: When the working population in a country is more than the dependent/non
working population. Positive: Economic growth for the country although it is a temporary phase.
  Today the population of India is very high but it has not always been high.
Growth has been up and down.
Causes:
(a) Epidemics
(b) Natural Disasters/Famine
• Epidemics: Disease which is widespread and affects lakhs of people in a
large area
 • Famine: There is scarcity of food, shortage of food supply and Size and
production.
It is of two types Growth of
1. Natural: excessive rainfall, no rainfall, drought.
2. Manmade: excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers, lack of transport
India's
and communication facilities, distribution of grain by government is not
sufficient and proper preventive method should be taken.
Population
 • NREGA-National Rural Employment Guarantee Act: Takes care to
see that everyone is employed so that if there is a famine they can
move somewhere else and buy food.
 Total Fertility Rate
- When the birth rate is high and death rate is low it results in
population explosion.
- In a country birth rate is still high because of :
(i) Mindset of people (ii) Desire for male child (iii) Patrilineal society
Replacement Level
• Kerala and Tamil Nadu: Zero/stabilised level due to literacy.
• Uttar Pradesh: Very high replacement level (4:1); it can be good
increase in youth population.
Low Fertility Rate
• Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Kerala,
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh (Mostly northern
states due to desire for male child).
  0-15 years - Youth Population
• 15-64 years - Working Population
• Above 64 years - Old/Retired Population
• Demographic Dividend: Working population is higher than the non-
working population.
• Kerala: Good age structure ~ increase in working population, the Age
literacy rate is very high, so they are educated about economic
growth. Structure
• Uttar Pradesh: Increase in working population because of large
working youth population, decreasing aged population. of Indian
• Demographic Dividend can be maintained by better education,
awareness etc.
Population
Advantage-current working population is large and it has a relatively
small aged population to support.
 • Number of females per thousand males of a population.
• Child sex ratio-Number of girls per thousand boys.
• Sex ratio has always been a concern in India.
Reasons for declining sex ratio: (i) Mindset of the people
(i) Neglect of girl child
(ii) Female foeticide/infanticide
(iii) Maternal mortality rates-women die during child birth.
• The child sex ratio is still very scary as there is a drastic fall.
• Prosperous states such as Punjab and Haryana have maximum
The
female infanticide and down with burning because
Dowry is very high and parents want to save money.
Declining
People want only 2 or 3 boys, therefore when they get a girl, they kill it Sex Ratio
and have a
boy. in India
 Literacy is the ability to read or write.
• Education is a combination of formal and informal education.
• Kerala has the maximum literacy rate whereas Rajasthan and
Northern states have low literacy rate.
• There are three categories:
(i) Gender: more males are literate to females but it is becoming
higher.
(ii) Social Group: higher income families have more literacy level
than those with lower income families. Government is trying to Literacy
bridge the gap through reservation for SC's and ST's.
(iii) Regions: Kerala has high literacy level as compared to
Rajasthan, Bihar which have low literacy level.
  There is migration from rural areas to urban areas as there are
better job opportunities etc.
• 68.8% of our population still lives in rural areas.
• Though agriculture is the main activity in rural areas, there are
many non agricultural activities, such as post office, teaching, small
businesses, transport and communication.
• Reasons for migration from rural to urban areas:
Mass media is responsible for making the rural area aware of the
urban area and one of the causes of migration from rural to urban.
Many resources of the rural areas is being taken away. Such as
rivers drying up, I
land due to construction is making them move to urban areas. '
In urban areas there is anonymity and no one cares about caste etc.
People who are not educated can pick up any job they like in urban
Rural-Urban
areas. Differences
• Metropolis: City with infrastructure and the suburbs are different.
• Megapolis: City with infrastructure and the suburbs are included,
for example, NCR.
  In 1952 the National Family Planning Programme (NFPP) was
introduced.
• It tried to influence the rate and pattern of population in socially
desirable direction.
• Its objectives were:
Population should be controlled and awareness should be spread in
a way which is socially desirable.
Control the birth/reduce birth rate through birth control methods.
• During emergency by Indira Gandhi (1975-76) All fundamental
rights are taken away. Press was censored.
Anybody could be put in jail without a trial.
Mass sterilization programme was introduced by Sanjay Gandhi, the
younger son of the then prime minister of India Mrs. Indira Gandhi to
control population.
Population
In this tubectomy was performed for women and vasectomy for men
was conducted in a very haphazard manner.
Policy of
All government teachers, doctors were under a lot of stress due to India
the mass sterilization camp.
It was renewed as National Family Welfare Programme (NFWP).
In this people could only be sterilized if the people agree to do it and
their signature was needed .
 
Remarks-: \