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Ch. 1. Peace and Conflict Res.
Ch. 1. Peace and Conflict Res.
RESOLUTION
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Introduction
Conflict Resolution as a field of study is
relatively recent. The need for co-operative
behavior in our homes, schools, work places,
warranted an in depth study for the processes
that would assist in bringing about a
harmonious environment for everyday living.
This is why it is necessary at this point to
understand how this discipline evolved before
we can attempt its definition.
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The Evolution of Conflict Resolution
Michael E. Salla (2000) in a scholarly work
“Conflict Resolution,
Genetics and Alchemy: The Evolution of
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The Evolution of Conflict Resolution…..
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The Evolution of Conflict
Resolution….
The theoretical breakthrough that was to
usher in conflict resolution as a social science
in the modern era was the insight that
'cooperative conflict behavior' would
eventually elicit favorable responses by other
parties in a conflict. Competitive conflict
behavior, on the other hand, would perpetuate
itself and could result in destructive behavior.
Such an insight is by no means an original one
and can be found in virtually all societies.
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Conceptual Breakthrough in Conflict
Resolution
The conceptual breakthrough in discovering the
practical benefits of cooperative conflict behavior was
a key departure from the ancient set of tools that were
based on the assumption that cooperation, while
morally desirable, was in many cases politically naive.
The conceptual insight that cooperation would elicit
cooperative behavior by both sides in a conflict was
mathematically supported in game theory where
conflict resolution practitioners examined a variety of
models to understand how parties negotiated in
conflicts.
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Conceptual Breakthrough in Conflict
Resolution…
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Burton Vs Dollards
Frustration/Aggression Theory
Burton applied John Dollard's theoretical
insight that frustration aggression formed an
important causal chain in the emergence of
violent conflict. Like Dollard, Burton believed
that frustrated needs led to aggressive
behavior and were the underlying source of
all conflict and violence. In contrast, interests
were negotiable, and unsatisfied interests
would not necessarily result in aggression
and violence.
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Burton Vs Dollards
Frustration/Aggression Theory..
Despite clear differences in terms of the
underlying value system that underscored
Burton's 'needs based' and Fisher and Ury's
'interest based‘ models of conflict resolution,
both models were oriented toward generating
cooperative outcomes to a conflict. Both
aimed to equip practitioner's parties with the
conceptual skills to become problem solvers
in the sense of cooperative conflict behavior.
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Burton Vs Dollards
Frustration/Aggression Theory..
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The Rosenberg Model
Rosenberg's model is relatively new, but it
promises to play a revolutionary role in changing
the way in which children are educated to resolve
conflicts and can play a major role in more
conventional arenas of conflict resolution.
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The Rosenberg Model…
Conflict transformation seeks to work at a
much deeper level of the human psyche (mind)
than the previous models of conflict resolution.
For the cooperative model of conflict
resolution, stress was on improving the basic
communication and negotiation tactics of the
parties in order to encourage cooperative
conflict behavior that integrates the parties‘
positions and to achieve a suitable outcome.
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The Rosenberg Model…
For the interest-based model, one had to
penetrate the surface level of positions and
dive into the deeper waters of underlying
interests behind the positions to generate
win-win outcomes. For the needs-based
model, one had to go even deeper into the
basic needs that underlie all interests and
form the ultimate motivating forces of a
conflict in order to achieve just and durable
outcomes.
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Violent Conflict as a Problem
If we want to understand conflict solution, the
logic of the problem solving-approach requires
that we think of violent conflict as a problem.
Most often we tend to think of, for instance, a
particular country that commits “an act of
untoward aggression”. We also view with
disdain the actions of a terrorist or focus our
attention on the boundary that is in dispute or
an economic arrangement that causes injustice
and unrest.
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Violent Conflict as a Problem…
We may also think of the separate aspects of
the overall problem---the violent behavior
involved, the nature of the parties that
participate or the incompatible objectives
sought. As expected, one of these must be
causing the trouble, and has to be dealt with.
When our mental frame is conditioned in this
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TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT
TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT
1. How can the conflict resolution process be
studied?
2. Discuss violent conflict as a problem.
3. Discuss the evolution of conflict resolution.
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Lecturer: Dr. Abdulkadir Ahmed
END
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