Pathophysiology of Tuberculosis: Pratik Godhani Pharmacy Management
Pathophysiology of Tuberculosis: Pratik Godhani Pharmacy Management
Tuberculosis
Pratik Godhani
Pharmacy Management.
Introduction
• Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable infectious disease caused
by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It can produce latent
infection as well as progressive, active disease.
• M. tuberculosis is transmitted from person to person by
coughing or sneezing or close contacts of TB patients.
• WHO
– 13 million chronic active cases + 9.3 million new cases
– (3.4 million cases in India only)
– T.B. occurs at rate of one per second.
• Market of Anti tuberculosis drugs and vaccines by 2011 is
expected to reach 670 million USD.
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis is spread by small airborne
droplets, called droplet nuclei, generated by the coughing,
sneezing, talking, or singing of a person with pulmonary or
laryngeal tuberculosis.
• Introduction of M tuberculosis into the lungs leads to infection
of the respiratory system.
• However, the organisms can spread to other organs, such as
the lymphatics, pleura, bones/joints, or meninges, and cause
extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Droplet nuclei with
bacilli are inhaled, enter
the lung, and deposit in
alveoli.
Macrophages and T
lymphocytes act together
to try to contain the
infection by forming
granulomas.
Latent:
Mycobacteria persist in the body.No signs or symptoms occur.
Patients do not feel sick. Patients are susceptible to reactivation of
disease.
Infection can reappear when immunosuppression occurs.
DIAGNOSIS
TEST NAME DESCRIPTION
RADIOGRAPHY Patchy or nodular infiltrates and Cavitation in the apical
areas of the upper lobes or the superior segment of the
lower lobes.
SPUTUM CULTURE IDENTIFY M.Tuberculosis (4-7 days with HPLC)
POLIMERASE CHAIN Identify M. tuberculosis, (1-2 hrs)
REACTION
TUBERCULIN SKIN TEST
QUANTIFERON- TB TEST Measure immune reactivity to M.tuberculosis (12-14 hrs)
Chest radiograph shows
presence of Cavitation in
affected part of Lung
TUBERCULIN SKIN TEST