Signals and Systems Unit 2: Mit-Wpu
Signals and Systems Unit 2: Mit-Wpu
12/03/2021 1
System Definition
• A
system is called time invariant if its input-
output characteristics do not change with time
• For continuous time system; x(t) y(t)
• The system is said to be time invariant if
x (t - td) y(t - td)
• The system is said to be time variant if
x (t - td) y’(t)≠ y(t - td)
Time invariant and time variant systems
contd.
• Multiplier, modulator, Coaxial cable are the
examples of the time invariant system.
• Mobile communication system is example of
time variant system
• The channel of mobile communication system is
free space whose characteristic changes with
time because of the atmospheric effects, terrain
effects, multipath signals and nature of the
result is changed with time.
Causal and Non Causal Systems
•• The system for which the output is bounded when the input is
bounded ( i.e. bounded input-bounded-output (BIBO) ) is known as
stable system; otherwise the system is said to be unstable.
(t )dt 1
2. Multiplication of any signal
with impulse function
x(t ) (t ) x(0) (t )
3. Multiplication of any signal
with shifted impulse function
x(t ) (t t d ) x(t d ) (t t d )
4. Integration of any signal with
impulse function
x(t ) (t )dt x(0)
5. Integration of any signal with
shifted impulse function
x(t ) (t t
d )dt x(t d )
Properties of Impulse function
(Cont…)
Sr. No. Description Mathematical Expression
6. Scaled impulse function 1
(at ) (t ) a0
a
7. Scaled and shifted impulse 1 t
(at t d ) (t d ) a0
a a
8. Convolution of any signal with
impulse function x(t ) (t ) x(t )
( )d u (t )
11. Derivative of unit step function d
is impulse function u (t ) (t )
dt
LTI systems
• Input-output
relationship for LTI system is
described in terms of convolution operation.
• Given the impulse response, the output for any
given input can be calculated by convolution of
the impulse response and the input.
• Let’s examine
1. Impulse response and…
2.…response of LTI system to an arbitrary input
Impulse Response h(t)
• LTI
systems can be represented by its impulse
response.
• System response to any input signal x(t) is
expressed as an integral involving only the
function and the system’s impulse response
function h(t). This interaction between the
input signal and the impulse response
function is called the convolution.
Response y(t) to an arbitrary input x(t)
•Consider
a LTI system with
• Any signal x(t) can be represented in terms of
impulses.
• The signal x(t) is the integration of sequence
of impulses, each impulse delayed by time τ
and weighted by x(τ) as follows.
∞
x(t ) x( ) (t )d 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 [𝑛]=𝑘 ∑
=−∞
¿¿
Response to an arbitrary input contd…
∞
• Thus, 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) → 𝑦 (𝑡 ) 𝑖. 𝑒 . 𝑦 ( 𝑡 ) =𝑇 { 𝑥 (𝑡 ) } =𝑇
{∫
−∞
𝑥 ( 𝜏 ) 𝛿 (𝑡 −𝜏 ) 𝑑 𝜏
}
• Interchanging the order of integration and T
operator,
• ……….(1)
∞
• Convolution Sum:
(for DT signals)
𝑦 [ 𝑛]= ∑ ¿¿
𝑘 =− ∞
4. Multiply and for every possible value of t. This signal changes continuously as t
varies and slides across
5. Integrate the product for all possible cases.
y (t ) x( )h(t )d
6. Combine all the integrals after the travelling waveform moved for
Convolution Example: To find the convolution
between and
• Solution:
1. Change : Replace by
2. Fold to get : Replace by
3. Shift towards extreme left to get : Replace by
τ
0
h(τ)
τ
0
Fold and Shift
h(-τ)
τ
0
h(t-τ)
τ
0
t
Multiply for all possible values of t
1 𝑥 ( 𝜏 ) h ( 𝑡 − 𝜏 ) =0 , 𝑡 < 0
h(t-τ) x(τ)
τ
t 0
1
𝑥 ( 𝜏 ) h ( 𝑡 − 𝜏 ) =1 ,𝑡 >0
h(t-τ) x(τ)
τ
0
t
Integrate the product
y (t ) x( )h(t )d
0 t
x( )h(t )d x( )h(t )d x( )h(t )d
0 t
0 t
0d 1d 0d
0 t
t
Finally, the convolution between x(t)=u(t) and h(t)=u(t) is
Convolution result
y(t)
t
0
Properties of convolution
• Commutative:
• Associative :
• Distributive:
• Shifting:
System Interconnections
• If two LTI CT systems are connected in cascade, then the
overall impulse response is h(t ) h1 (t ) h2 (t )
x(t) y1(t) y(t) x(t) h (t)*h (t) y(t)
h1(t) h2(t) 1 2
3. Stable
h(t ) dt h[k ]
k