Professional Documents
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Palliative Care in DM
Palliative Care in DM
CARE IN
DIABETIC
Ns. Retno Setyawati, M.Kep., Sp.Kmb
ANGIOPATHY
• Chronic complications of diabetes are primarily
those of end organ disease from damage to
blood vessels (angiopathy) secondary to chronic
hyperglycemia
• Angiopathy is one of the leading causes of
diabetes-related deaths, with about 68% of
deaths caused by CVD and 16% caused by strokes
for those ages 65 or older.
• Two categories: macrovascular complications
and microvascular complications.
Several theories exist as to how and
why chronic hyperglycemia
damages cells and tissues
Accumulation
Accumulation ofof damaging
damaging by-
by-
products
products of
of glucose
glucose metabolism
metabolism
Formation
Formation of
of abnormal
abnormal glucose
glucose
molecules
molecules in
in the
the basement
basement
membrane
membrane ofof small
small blood
blood vessels
vessels
Derangement
Derangement in in red
red blood
blood cell
cell
function
function that
that leads
leads to
to aa decrease
decrease inin
oxygenation
oxygenation toto the
the tissues.
tissues.
Macrovascular Complications
Fatty Streak
Developmental
Fibrous Plaque
Stages
Complicated
Lesion
Fatty Streak
■ Fatty streaks, the earliest lesions of
atherosclerosis, are characterized by lipid-filled
smooth muscle cells. As streaks of fat develop
within the smooth muscle cells, a yellow tinge
appears. Fatty streaks can be seen in the coronary
arteries by age 15 and involve an increasing
amount of surface area as one ages. Treatment
that lowers LDL cholesterol may reverse this
process.
Fibrous Plaque
■ The fibrous plaque stage is the beginning of progressive
changes in the endothelium of the arterial wall. These
changes can appear in the coronary arteries by age 30 and
increase with age.
■ Normally the endothelium repairs itself immediately.
This does not happen in the individual with CAD. LDLs
and growth factors from platelets stimulate smooth muscle
proliferation and thickening of the arterial wall. Collagen
covers the fatty streak and forms a fibrous plaque with a
grayish or whitish appearance.
Complicated Lesion
■ The final stage in the development of the atherosclerotic lesion
is the most dangerous. As the fibrous plaque grows, continued
inflammation can result in plaque instability, ulceration, and
rupture.
■ Once the integrity of the artery’s inner wall is compromised,
platelets accumulate in large numbers, leading to a thrombus.
further platelet aggregation and adhesion, further enlarging the
thrombus. At this stage the plaque is referred to as a
complicated lesion
Microvascular Complications
• Microvascular complications result from thickening of the
vessel membranes in the capillaries and arterioles in
response to conditions of chronic hyperglycemia.
• Can be found throughout the body, the areas most noticeably
affected are the eyes (retinopathy), the kidneys
(nephropathy), and the skin (dermopathy). Microvascular
changes are present in some patients with type 2 diabetes at
the time of diagnosis.
• Microvessels play important roles in maintaining blood
pressure and proper nutrient delivery. The microcirculation
also has regulatory systems controlling vascular permeability
and myogenic responses that can adapt blood flow according
to local metabolic needs.
Cont…
• Diabetes induces pathognomonic changes in the
microvasculature, affecting the capillary
basement membrane including arterioles in the
glomeruli, retina, myocardium, skin, and muscle,
by increasing their thickness, leading to the
development of diabetic microangiopathy.
• This thickening eventually leads to abnormality in
vessel function, inducing multiple clinical problems
such as hypertension, delayed wound healing, and
tissue hypoxia.
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
■ Refers to the process of microvascular
damage to the retina as a result of
chronic hyperglycemia, nephropathy,
and hypertension in patients with
diabetes.
■ Diabetic retinopathy is estimated to be
the most common cause of new cases
of adult blindness.
Classification
Retinopathy
Non
Proliferative
proliferative
Nonproliferative retinopathy
• What do I need to know about you to help me give you the best
possible care and advice?
• What things make your life worth living or matter to you?
Rather than asking about the quality of life.
• What does suffering mean to you?
• What does a good death mean to you?
Not interrupting the individual is a key skill
Older people need time to process the question in order to respond—a complex
cognitive process, especially when the topic is emotive. Interrupting can cause
confusion and change the discussion, and important issues might not be
identified
Understand and accept that not everybody is capable of making informed
decisions during a crisis and some people prefer certainty, i.e. to be ‘told what
to do’