MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST), MIRPUR

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Hydrology & Water Resource Management

HYDROLOGY & WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
MS-354

Lecture [1] : Introduction

Engr. Muhammad Hassan

(Assistant Professor)

HydrologyDate: November,
& Water Resource2020
Management
 About the Course
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This subject is designed to cover all aspects of hydrologic cycle. The
circulation of water in all forms in atmospheric as well as in land phase.
The course deals with the calculation of hydrological variables and
variables that affect water quantity.
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
To enable students to learn broad areas of hydrological engineering and
make them able to understand hydrological laws, equations and principles
of water management. The course also enables students to calculate
many hydrologic quantities and analyse water budget of a region/ area.

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 Course Learning Objectives (CLO’s)

S.No CLO Domain Taxonomy Level PLO

1 EXPLAIN various meteorological parameters and their measurements. Cognitive 2 1

2 APPLY hydrological laws to calculate various hydrological parameters. Cognitive 3 2

3 ANALYZE runoff data and develop hydrographs Cognitive 4 4

PRODUCE rainfall-runoff hydrograph under changing conditions using

4 Basic Hydrology Apparatus Psychomotor 4 2

DEMONSTRATE the ability to work efficiently, individually and as a

5 team. Affective 3 9

Irrigation Engineering Hydrology & Water Resource Management 4

 Textbooks and Materials

Textbook (s)
1. Surface Water Hydrology by N.M. Awan (Vol. 1), National Book Foundation
2. Engineering Hydrology An Introduction by Abdul Razzaq Ghumman, Prosperous
Pakistan Publishers, Lahore, 2006.

References Material
1. 2. Warren Viessman, Jr. and Gary L. Lewis, Introduction to Hydrology, 5th Edition
Prentice Hall
2. 3. R. K. Linsley, Max A. Kohler, and Joseph L. Paulhus, Hydrology for Engineers,
McGraw-Hill Education (ISE Editions); International 2 Revised edition (June 1,
1982)
3. 4. Linsley, R. K., J. Franzini, Water Resources Engineering, McGraw Hill; 4th Edition
(June 1, 1992).

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 Course Plan (Before Mid)
Week
/Lecture Topics
  Introduction to Hydrology
1 Hydrologic Cycle, Importance. Application in Civil Engineering
2 Planning and development of water resources projects. Domestic, Industrial,
Agricultural and other water usages,
3 Water resources in Pakistan.
Water management practices at basin level, canal level and farm level.
4 The atmosphere and its composition, dew point and its measurement devices.
Saturation deficit.
5 The general circulation of wind system, the monsoons and western disturbances.
Measurement of air temperature, relative humidity, radiation, sunshine,
atmospheric pressure and wind velocity & direction.
6 Types of precipitation, factors necessary for the formation of precipitation,
measurement of precipitation.
7 Interpretation of precipitation data, computation of average rainfall over a basin.
8 Factors affecting evaporation, measurement of evaporation, evapo-transpiration.

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 Course Plan (After Mid)
9 Water Stage and its measurement, selection of site for stage recorder, selection
of control and metering section
10 Methods of measurement of stream flow, interpretation of stream flow data,
return period.
11 Factors affecting runoff, estimating the volume of storm runoff. Characteristics of
Hydrograph, components of a hydrograph,
12 hydrograph separation, estimating the volume of direct runoff, introduction to
unit hydrograph concept, S-curve,
13 Application of probability in determining maxima/minima of discharge. Types of
histogram and distribution.
14 Introduction to floods and its causes, frequency and duration analysis. Reservoir
routing, channel routing. Flood Control, Introduction to Hydrological Modeling.
15 Introduction, sources and discharge of ground water. Water table and artesian
aquifer, ground water hydraulics, pumping test, tube well technology.
16 Computer Application:
Development of design worksheets and use of software
17 End Semester Exam

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 Hydrology

Hydrology is the science of the waters of the earth and its atmosphere. It
deals with occurrence, circulation, distribution and movements of these
waters over the globe and their interaction with the physical and biological
environments.

Hydrology & Water Resource Management

 Engineering Hydrology

Engineering hydrology is the branch of hydrology which deals with

estimation of water resources and related hydrologic quantities. It also
investigates hydrologic problems such as floods and droughts, and
develops strategies to mitigate them.

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 Need for the Hydrologic Studies

The need of the hydrologic studies arises from the following problems:
1. Uncertainty of precipitation and its seasonal occurrence
2. Seasonal flow of rivers, and
3. Population growth and rising standards of living
In many countries water is the main source of energy and the agriculture is
an important sector for their economic growth.
Although water is vital to life, but the precipitation which is the main
source of water, is an uncertain phenomenon i. e. there might be plenty of
rainfall when we do not need it and no rain when it is required. So we
need to plan accordingly.

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Hydrology & Water Resource Management
 Need for the Hydrologic Studies
It is necessary to store surplus water when and where available and to use
it when and where required. Uncertainty of precipitation makes the study
of various features of hydrology exceedingly important, which then will be
helpful in better planning and development of water resources.
The flow in rivers varies from season to season. There are low flows during
lean period and high flows during floods. The floods although bringing
fertile silts, but are hazardous to human life and property. Flood mitigation
is necessary to safeguard human life, livestock, cash crops and against
spread of disease.
The increased population and rising standards of living have greatly
increased the demands of water. Hydrologic studies are of utmost
importance for planning and development of water resources to meet
these demands.

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Hydrology & Water Resource Management
 Importance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering

Hydrology has an important role in the design and operation of water

resources engineering projects like irrigation, flood control, water supply
schemes, hydropower projects and navigation.
Many important civil engineering projects have failed because of improper
assessment of hydrologic aspects of the projects.
Hydraulic structures which are very important civil engineering projects
and cost millions of dollars may fail due to improper hydrologic design.

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Hydrology & Water Resource Management
 Importance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering

For example, a dam may fail due to inadequate spillway capacity. There may
be reservoir operational problems due to lack of hydrologic data like probable
inflows, evaporation and seepage.
There might be failure of a bridge or a culvert if its maximum design flood is
not estimated properly. Construction of a dam may cause problem for bridges
upstream and downstream if proper hydrologic studies regarding floods and
erosion downstream are not estimated and taken into account in design.
Groundwater studies are important for installation of tube wells and irrigation
projects. These are just a few examples which show the importance of
hydrologic studies for civil engineering projects.

Hydrology & Water Resource Management

 Major Aspects of Hydrology

The main jobs of a hydrologist are collection and analysis of data, and
making predictions out of this analysis.
Collection of Data
• The hydrologic data comprises:
• a. Rainfall Data
• b. Snowfall and Snowmelt Data
• c. Runoff Data (Catchment Runoff and Stream Flows), and
• d. Groundwater Data

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 Major Aspects of Hydrology

Analysis of Data
• Analysis of hydrologic data includes checking it for consistency and homogeneity
as well as finding its various statistical parameters.
Prediction
• Prediction means finding design values and maximum possible floods and
droughts. Various approaches for prediction of hydrologic values are:
• Statistical Approach
• Physical Approach
• Deterministic Approach

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 Sciences Involved

• Hydrology is a very broad subject and it needs support from allied

sciences such as Physics, Mathematics, Geology, Geography,
Meteorology, Forestry, Agriculture and Hydraulics.

Hydrology & Water Resource Management

 Major Hydrologic Projects
Engineering Hydrology provides hydrologic data essentially required for a
variety of projects, such as:
• Hydraulic Structures like Dams, Bridges, Head-works, Spillways and Culverts etc.
• Hydroelectric Power Generation
• Flood Control Projects
• Irrigation Projects
• Environmental Pollution Control, and
• Planning and Execution of Water Resources Development Projects

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Hydrology & Water Resource Management
 Major Hydrologic Projects
Following is an exhaustive list of projects dealt with in Hydrology:
Design of:
• Surface water reservoirs
• Groundwater reservoirs
• Urban storm water sewers and airport drainage systems
• Urban water distribution systems
• Flood control structures (Dikes, River Improvement Works, etc.)
• Navigational systems (Locks, Ports, etc.)
• Agricultural drainage systems
• Temporary construction and mining drainage systems

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Hydrology & Water Resource Management
 Major Hydrologic Projects

Design of:
• Tunnels and underground excavations
• Flow control systems for highway development
• Hydraulic structures (Bridges, Culverts, Dams, Barrages)
• Open channels and other river flow control structures
• Flood waves propagation
• Soil conservation
• Sanitary landfills and waste disposal facilities
• Contaminated-soil remedial systems
• Polluted-aquifer containment or restoration systems

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 Major Hydrologic Projects

Management of:
• Rivers, lakes, wetlands, estuaries and aquifers
• Crops, forests and pasture lands

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Hydrology & Water Resource Management
 Major Hydrologic Projects

Prediction and Forecasting of:

• Contamination effects on rivers and lakes
• Contamination propagation in soils and groundwater
• Effect of drainage on flood flows
• Environmental impact of water resources projects
• Environmental impact of deforestation
• Environmental impact of urbanization
• Environmental impact of chemical spills
• Environmental impact of chemical leaks from tanks
• Environmental impact of leachates from landfills
• Environmental impact of pesticide application
• Environmental impact of global climate change
• Flood waves propagation

Hydrology & Water Resource Management

 Questions - A Hydrologist has to Answer

Some of the typical questions that a hydrologist has to answer are:

• Is the flow of stream sufficient to meet the needs of a city or industry seeking the
water supply, or an irrigation project, or a proposed water resource development,
or navigation, or recreation?
• Would a reservoir be required in connection with any of the proposed uses and if
so, what should be its capacity?
• In the design of a flood protection system a barrage, a culvert or a spillway for a
dam, what is the design flood that may be expected to occur with any specified
frequency?

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Hydrology & Water Resource Management
 Questions - A Hydrologist has to Answer

What would be the effect of draining an upland area or a marshy region

upon the flow of stream from the water shed?
How would certain changes, removal of forests etc., affect the ground
water level or the stream flow from such an area?

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Hydrology & Water Resource Management
 Questions - A Hydrologist has to Answer

In order to answer the above and other similar questions work is

undertaken in three phases (as also explained), which are collection of
data, analysis of data and making predictions out of this analysis.
The data that must be collected includes stream flow records, precipitation
records, topographic maps, groundwater data, evaporation data and
transpiration data.

Hydrology & Water Resource Management