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3 Cellular Adaptation and Differentiation
3 Cellular Adaptation and Differentiation
growth
and
differentiation
TLO
Increase
Injurious
demand/
stimulus
stimuli or
stress
ADAPTATION
GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION
HYPERPLASIA METAPLASIA
HYPERTROPHY
ATOPHY
increasing in size of the cells
without replication of the cells
example epidermis ,
mucosal surfaces , bone
marrow
These tissues are constantly
proliferating from the stem
cells
Stable cells have good
regenerative ability but low
turn over example
Hepatocytes
PHYSIOLOGIC HYPERPLASIA
2. Compensatory hyperplasia
Hyperplasia that occurs as a result of removal of a part of
an organ or one of a pair of organ
Partial resection of the liver , stimulation of growth
hormone cause hepatocytes to proliferate
Nephrectomy of 1 kidney will cause hyperplasia of the
opposite kidney
HYPERPLASIA
PATHOLOGICAL HYPERPLASIA
Mechanism
Excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factor stimulation >
synthesis if cellular structure> mitosis
Examples
Left ventricular hypertrophy due to systemic hypertension
Right ventricular hypertrophy due to pulmonary hypertension
Skeletal muscle hypertrophy following intensive exercise
Increased
peripheral
resistance due
to systemic
hypertension
HYPERTROPHY + HYPERPLASIA
• Physiological atrophy
uterus size reduction following parturition
atrophy of notochord during fetal development
atrophy of thymus in adulthood
ATROPHY
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