3 Cellular Adaptation and Differentiation

Cellular adaptations in
growth
and
differentiation
TLO
1.Define cellular adaptation.

2.Describe various types of cellular adaptive changes and
list their causes .
3.Describe the mechanism of cellular adaptations.
4. Define hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, & metaplasia &
list some of their causes
The cellular response to stress and injurious agents
NORMAL CELL
in homeostasis
Increase
Injurious
demand/
stimulus
stimuli or
stress
ADAPTATION Acute reversible injury

Hypertrophy CELL INJURY
Hyperplasia Irreversible injury
Atrophy Inability to CELL DEATH
Metaplasia adapt
Cellular Adaptation
Adaptations are reversible structural responses (number ,
size, phenotype) or functional responses (metabolic activity)
to changes in the environment.

4 types of adaptation
ADAPTATION
GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION
HYPERPLASIA METAPLASIA
HYPERTROPHY
ATOPHY
increasing in size of the cells
without replication of the cells
increased in numberof cells

due to mitosis
3 types of cells based on the ability of regeneration
There are 3 classes of cell which determines the

regenerative ability .
1. Labile cells have very high regenerative ability and rate of turn
over example epidermis , mucosal surfaces
2. Stable cells have good regenerative ability but low turn over
example Hepatocytes , Bone
3. Permanent cells have no regenerative ability examples neuron ,
cardiac muscle
Revision cell cycle
Labile cells have very high regenerative ability and
rate of turn over
example epidermis ,
mucosal surfaces , bone
marrow
These tissues are constantly
proliferating from the stem
cells
Stable cells have good
regenerative ability but low
turn over example
Hepatocytes
Following injury the liver

cells will increase rapidly
Permanent cells have no
regenerative ability
examples neuron , cardiac
muscle, skeletal muscle
These cells cannot

regenerate and will heal by
fibrosis
HYPERPLASIA
• Hyperplasia is increase in the number of cells resulting in

enlargement of tissue or organ
• Types of cells that undergo hyperplasia are labile cells
and stable cells
• The cells are capable of synthesizing DNA and
undergoing mitosis
• Hyperplasia can be physiologic and pathologic
The stimulus for hyperplasia
1. Increase production of growth factors/hormones
2. Increase number of growth factor receptors
3. Replication of the native cells or stem cells

HYPERPLASIA
PHYSIOLOGIC HYPERPLASIA
Divided into
1. Effect of hormones
breast tissue in pregnancy there is increase in the mammary
lobules as a response to ovarian and placental hormones
development of breast at puberty as a result of estrogen
stimulation
Hyperplasia of bone marrow cells in individual living in high
altitude effects of erythropoietin
HYPERPLASIA
PHYSIOLOGIC HYPERPLASIA
2. Compensatory hyperplasia
Hyperplasia that occurs as a result of removal of a part of
an organ or one of a pair of organ
Partial resection of the liver , stimulation of growth
hormone cause hepatocytes to proliferate
Nephrectomy of 1 kidney will cause hyperplasia of the
opposite kidney
HYPERPLASIA
PATHOLOGICAL HYPERPLASIA
Mechanism
Excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factor stimulation >
synthesis if cellular structure> mitosis
Endometrial hyperplasia due to excessive oestrogen

stimulation. Precursor for endometrial adenocarcinoma
Benign prostatic hyperplasia relative excess of oestrogen
stimulation
Granulation tissue formation in tissue repair (eg:ulceration ,
fracture)
Proliferative endometrium
Endometrium: Complex hyperplasia

HYPERTROPHY
Increase demand /> increase in synthesis of structural

component > increase in individual cell size> HYPERTROPHY
Permanent cells cannot divide therefore they undergo

hypertrophy
Examples
Left ventricular hypertrophy due to systemic hypertension
Right ventricular hypertrophy due to pulmonary hypertension
Skeletal muscle hypertrophy following intensive exercise
Increased
peripheral
resistance due
to systemic
hypertension
HYPERTROPHY + HYPERPLASIA
Physiologic growth of uterus during pregnancy

ATROPHY
• Atrophy is decrease in size of an organ due to
reduction in cell size and/or cell number
• Divided into Physiological and Pathological
• Mechanism of atrophy
Apoptosis
Protein degradation
ATROPHY
• Physiological atrophy
uterus size reduction following parturition
atrophy of notochord during fetal development
atrophy of thymus in adulthood
ATROPHY
• Causes of Pathological Atrophy

1. Decrease function
2. Loss of innervation
3. Loss of blood supply
4. Pressure atrophy
5. Lack of nutrition
6. Loss of endocrine stimulation
DIFFERENTIATION
• Differentiation is the process whereby a cell develops a

distinct function and morphology
• Example : Fertilized ovum will divide and differentiate in to

multiple specific organs with specialized functions
METAPLASIA
• Alteration of differentiation from 1 adult cell type is
replaced by another adult cell type.
• It is an adaptive mechanism substituting cells that are
sensitive to stress to another type of cells that are
resistant to te stress
• Examples
Squamous metaplasia of the endocervix in women of
productive age
Intestinal metaplasia of the esophageal squamous
epithelium in Barrets esophagus
Barret's esophagitis
METAPLASIA
• Persistence of stimuli that predispose to metaplasia can

lead to malignant transformation
Example
Barrets esophagus > Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus
Intestinal metaplasia of gastric mucosa > Adenocarcinoma
of the stomach
Squamous metaplasia of the respiratory tract due to
prolonged smoking leading to Squamous cell carcinoma
Attendance link
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THANK YOU

3 Cellular Adaptation and Differentiation

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3 Cellular Adaptation and Differentiation

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Cellular adaptations in

1.Define cellular adaptation.

ADAPTATION Acute reversible injury

Adaptations are reversible structural responses (number ,

size, phenotype) or functional responses (metabolic activity)

to changes in the environment.

increased in numberof cells

There are 3 classes of cell which determines the

Following injury the liver

These cells cannot

• Hyperplasia is increase in the number of cells resulting in

1. Increase production of growth factors/hormones

2. Increase number of growth factor receptors

3. Replication of the native cells or stem cells

Endometrial hyperplasia due to excessive oestrogen

Endometrium: Complex hyperplasia

Increase demand /> increase in synthesis of structural

Permanent cells cannot divide therefore they undergo

Physiologic growth of uterus during pregnancy

• Causes of Pathological Atrophy

• Differentiation is the process whereby a cell develops a

• Example : Fertilized ovum will divide and differentiate in to

• Persistence of stimuli that predispose to metaplasia can

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