Kendriya Vidyalaya Moradabad: Science Project
Kendriya Vidyalaya Moradabad: Science Project
MORADABAD
SCIENCE PROJECT
Submitted By: Submitted to:
Sarthak Gupta Mr. S.K.Dixit
Class XA
Roll No. 6
Geometrical Optics
Units
• The Reflection of Light
• Forming Images with a Plane Mirror
• Spherical Mirrors
• Ray Tracing and the Mirror Equation
• The Refraction of Light
• Ray Tracing for Lenses
• The Thin-Lens Equation
• Dispersion and the Rainbow
Refraction of light
The Reflection of Light
If a stone is dropped into a pond, circular
waves emanate from the point where it landed.
Rays, perpendicular to the wave fronts, give
the direction in which the waves propagate.
The Reflection of Light
As one moves farther from a point wave source,
the wave fronts become more nearly flat.
Reflection
The Reflection of Light
The law of reflection states that the angle of
incidence equals the angle of reflection:
The Reflection of Light
Reflected light is
completely polarized
when the reflected and
refracted beams are at
right angles to one
another. The direction of
polarization is parallel
to the reflecting surface.
Ray Tracing for Lenses
Lenses are used to focus light and form images.
There are a variety of possible types; we will
consider only the symmetric ones, the double
concave and the double convex.
Ray Tracing for Lenses
If we think of a convex lens as consisting of
prisms, we can see how light going through it
converges at a focal point (assuming the lens
is properly shaped).
Ray Tracing for Lenses
converges or diverges
Light converges divergesas some parts of the
wavefronts lag behind.
b Key features of lenses
• Parallel rays are refracted inwards.
principal
focus
optical centre
• The distance of F from C is the focal length
f of the lens.
C F
focal length
• A convex lens has 2 principal foci.
• 1 on each side
F' C F
principal axis
principal
focus
optical centre
• The distance of F from C is the focal length
f of the lens.
F C
focal
length
• A concave lens has 2 principal foci.
• 1 on each side
F' C F
principal axis
Video
2 Image formation by a lens
O
I
screen
2 Image formation by a lens
a Real images
Light
Light rays
rays converge
converge to
to aa point.
point.
O I
2 Image formation by a lens
Image
Image can
can be
be captured
captured by
by aa screen.
screen.
Hence
Hence called
called ‘real’.
‘real’.
O I
screen
2 Image formation by a lens
b Virtual images
Light
Light rays
rays diverge
diverge from
from aa point.
point.
I
O
No
No rays
rays actually
actually come
come from
from the
the image.
image.
Hence
Hence called
called ‘virtual’.
‘virtual’. convex lens
2 Image formation by a lens
b Virtual images
Light
Light rays
rays diverge
diverge from
from aa point.
point.
I
O
concave lens
Since only convex lenses converge light rays,
real images can only be formed by convex
lenses.
O I
screen
Light rays through lenses
Simulation Simulation
3 Graphical construction of image formation
a Construction rules
In ray diagrams, we use symbols to
represent lenses.
F
C
F' F
C
F' F
C
F' C F
F' C F
F' C F
concave lens
3 Graphical construction of image
formation
c Magnification
F I
O F' C
magnification m
= height of image (image size)
height of object (object size)
3 Graphical construction of image
formation
u v
F I
O F' C
Also,
image distance m = v
magnification m =
object distance u
Studying images formed by a convex lens
Video
4 Position and nature of image
Convex lens refracts the rays to form an inverted
image on a plane at the principal focus.
constru
ray ction
F' C F
I
I F 2F
2F' F' C
object: at infinity
image: at F , real, inverted and diminished
F 2F
I
O 2F' C
F'
object: beyond 2F ’
image: between F and 2F
real, inverted and diminished
F 2F
O I
2F' F' C
object: at 2F ’
image: at 2F
real, inverted and same size
F 2FI
O
C
2F' F'
object: at F ’
image: at infinity
I F 2F
O
2F' F' C
object: < F ’
image: on the same side as the object
virtual, erect and magnified
Images formed by a convex lens
Simulation Simulation
4 Position and nature of image
F 2F
I
2F' F' C
object: at infinity
image: at F’
O F 2F
2F' F' I C
Simulation Simulation
Example 6
An object is positioned between F’ and 2F’ of
convex lens. Complete the rays.
O 2F
2F' F’’ F
2F' F’’ F 2F
2F' F’’ F 2F
O F 2F
F' C 5 cm
5 cm
Example 8
height of image = 10 cm
height of object = 5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
O F 2F I
F' C
10 cm
m = =2
5 cm
Example 8
Alternatively, image distance = 30 cm
object distance = 15 cm
5 cm
5 cm
O F 2F I
F' C
30 cm
m = =2
15 cm
Dispersion and the Rainbow
The index of refraction varies slightly with the
frequency of light; in general, the higher the
frequency, the higher the index of refraction.
• Magnification:
• Magnification: