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Physical Optics & Optical Fibers: Course Code: 271P
Physical Optics & Optical Fibers: Course Code: 271P
O
Wave motion – Wave intensity – Phase angles – The differential equations of wave motion –
Speed of wave propagation - Superposition of waves.
3
N
Interference of light waves - Young’s experiment for studying interference of light waves –
Interference pattern from double slits – Phasor addition of waves.
3
T
Interference due to multiple reflection – Interference of light in thin films. 3
3
E
Measurements of interference of light waves.
Diffraction of light waves - Introduction to diffraction – Fresnel diffraction. 3
N
Fraunhofer diffraction-Single slit diffraction–Light intensity of the single slit diffraction pattern. 3
Light intensity of the double slit diffraction pattern. 3
T
The diffraction Grating – Resolving power of the diffraction Grating – Diffraction of X-rays by
crystals.
3
S
Polarization of light waves - Introduction to polarization – Types of polarized light.
Optical activity - Polarization measurements.
3
3
Evaluation and dividing marks
The course is given 100 marks. Since the course has 3 lectures per
week without practical periods, so it is evaluated according to the
following:
20% of the total course marks for term (Semester) assessments that
include periodic short tests, homework and field trips.
30% of the total course marks for mid-term exam.
50% of the total course marks for the final written comprehensive
examination.
References:
Francis A. Jenkins & Harvey E. White, FUNDAMENTAL OF OPTICS (Tokyo: McGraw-Hill Higher
Education; 4th edition (June 1, 1976)).
Optical Fibers and Laser, Principles and Applications, D. Anuradha, New Age International
Publishers, 2009.
Understanding of Fiber Optics, J. Hecht, Prentice Hall Inc., 1999.
A Textbook of Engineering Physics, V. Bhardwaj and
K. Sharma, Paragon International Publishers, 2007.
الدار الدولية:ز يرى( القاهرةLعيد الجL س/ د،يLد الفتاح الشاذلLد عبL محم/ د:ةLت ترجمLى وايLز وهارفLيس جنكيL فرنس:رياتLاسيات البصL أس
.)م1998 للنشر والتوزيع
تثمارات الثقافيةLة لإلسL الدار الدولي:د عثمان (القاهرةLد الحميLى عبL عل/د، د عثمانLد الحميLد عبL محم/ د:ةLت ترجمLن هيكL إيج:رياتL البص
.)م2000
No light = no life ?!
Nature of light
Particle nature: Alhassan Ibn-alhaytham (965- 1040),
Isaac Newton (1642-1727),
Wave nature: Kamal-Eldin AL-Faresy (1233-1320), Christian Huygens (1629-
1695), Thomas Yong (1773-1829), James Maxwell (1831-1879).
Qunatum nature: Albert Einstein (1879-1955). photon energy E = h f
h is Planck’s constant and f is the frequency of light
=l/T
x t
y( x , t ) A sin 2 ( )
T
If the angular velocity and k the angular
wave number defined as
ω = 2 /T, k =2 /
then = ω / k and
y ( x, t ) A sin kx wt
The wave function given by this equation assumes that
the vertical position y of an element of the medium is
zero at x =0 0 and t = 0 0. However, we generally
express the wave function in the form
y ( x, t ) A sin kx wt
Example
y( x , t ) A sin ( kx t )
The quantity (kx- t) is called the phase angle of the wave motion.
Since the phase is constant, then the phase angle is constant; i.e.
(kx- t) = constant
By differentiation with respect to time we get:
- k dx/dt = 0
Since the velocity v = dx/dt, then we get
v= /k
This is the phase or wave velocity.
We can get
dy
u A cos kx t
dt
u is the speed of the medium particle.
2
d y
a 2 A sin kx t y
2 2
dt
The last equation represents the simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.)
where the displacement is proportional to the acceleration
So, we get
I =2π2f2 v ρ A2 W/m2
Absorption of the wave intensity
Suppose that I0 is the initial intensity and
I0I
0
I-dI
X dx
dI = - βI dx
The constant β is called the photo-
absorption coefficient of the medium. Since
I= I0 when x =0, then
I x
dI
I dx
I0 0
I I 0 exp x
The differential equation of the wave motion
y( x , t ) A sin ( kx t )
dy
k A cos ( kx t )
dx
2
d y 2
2
k y
dx
2
d y
2
y
2
dt
2 2 2 2
d y d y 2d y
2
2 2
v 2
dt k dx dx
If the wave is travelling in the three dimensions
X, Y and Z, then we get
d y 2d y d y d y
2 2 2 2
v
dt 2 2 2 2
dX dY dZ
2
d y 2 2
2
v y 0
dt
d y d y d y
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
dX dY dZ
This expression applies in general to various types of traveling waves.
For a light wave travelling in empty space we write
2
d y
2
c 2
2
y 0
dt
where c is the speed of light in free space (c 3108 m/sec).
The velocity the wave motion in a medium
v