Physical Optics & Optical Fibers: Course Code: 271P

PHYSICAL OPTICS & OPTICAL FIBERS
Course code: 271P

Dr. Ahmed Mostafa Amry
Physics Department
LECTURER 01
Aims
 Basic physical concepts of wave properties such as interference,
diffraction and polarization.
 Skills to solve applied problems on light wave properties.
 Knowledge about theory and structure of some optical apparatuses based
upon wave properties of light.
 Physical basics of laser beam and its applications.
 Basic concepts of optical fibers, sources and detectors and applications.
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)
Knowledge and understanding
 Define the basics of physical wave properties (interference,
diffraction and polarization).
 Demonstrate some optical apparatuses based upon
applications of wave properties.
 Describe concepts and properties of laser beam and its
applications.
 Explain fundamentals and properties of optical fibers,
electronic sources and photodetectors.
Intellectual skills
 Define the behavior of light waves under different
conditions.
 Analyze results of physical phenomena of light wave.
 Solve problems on waves and different properties.
 Link between optical fibers and laser beam applications.
Professional skills
 Draw a sketch of an apparatus based on one of the
wave properties of light ( interference, diffraction or
polarization).
 Analyze results obtained from related experiments.
 Illustrate characteristics of laser beam and some of its
applications.
General skills
 Use computer and high technology facilities to present
and illustrates results.
 Work effectively in a team work.
Hours
C
Historical introduction about light.
Subject
3
O
Wave motion – Wave intensity – Phase angles – The differential equations of wave motion –
Speed of wave propagation - Superposition of waves.
3
N
Interference of light waves - Young’s experiment for studying interference of light waves –
Interference pattern from double slits – Phasor addition of waves.
3
T
Interference due to multiple reflection – Interference of light in thin films. 3
3
E
Measurements of interference of light waves.
Diffraction of light waves - Introduction to diffraction – Fresnel diffraction. 3
N
Fraunhofer diffraction-Single slit diffraction–Light intensity of the single slit diffraction pattern. 3
Light intensity of the double slit diffraction pattern. 3
T
The diffraction Grating – Resolving power of the diffraction Grating – Diffraction of X-rays by
crystals.
3
S
Polarization of light waves - Introduction to polarization – Types of polarized light.
Optical activity - Polarization measurements.
3
3
Evaluation and dividing marks
The course is given 100 marks. Since the course has 3 lectures per
week without practical periods, so it is evaluated according to the
following:
 20% of the total course marks for term (Semester) assessments that
include periodic short tests, homework and field trips.
 30% of the total course marks for mid-term exam.
 50% of the total course marks for the final written comprehensive
examination.
References:
 Francis A. Jenkins & Harvey E. White, FUNDAMENTAL OF OPTICS (Tokyo: McGraw-Hill Higher
Education; 4th edition (June 1, 1976)).
 Optical Fibers and Laser, Principles and Applications, D. Anuradha, New Age International
Publishers, 2009.
 Understanding of Fiber Optics, J. Hecht, Prentice Hall Inc., 1999.
 A Textbook of Engineering Physics, V. Bhardwaj and
 K. Sharma, Paragon International Publishers, 2007.
‫ الدار الدولية‬:‫ز يرى( القاهرة‬L‫عيد الج‬L‫ س‬/‫ د‬،‫ي‬L‫د الفتاح الشاذل‬L‫د عب‬L‫ محم‬/‫ د‬:‫ة‬L‫ت ترجم‬L‫ى واي‬L‫ز وهارف‬L‫يس جنكي‬L‫ فرنس‬:‫ريات‬L‫اسيات البص‬L‫ أس‬
.)‫م‬1998 ‫للنشر والتوزيع‬
‫تثمارات الثقافية‬L‫ة لإلس‬L‫ الدار الدولي‬:‫د عثمان (القاهرة‬L‫د الحمي‬L‫ى عب‬L‫ عل‬/‫د‬، ‫د عثمان‬L‫د الحمي‬L‫د عب‬L‫ محم‬/‫ د‬:‫ة‬L‫ت ترجم‬L‫ن هيك‬L‫ إيج‬:‫ريات‬L‫ البص‬
.)‫م‬2000
No light = no life ?!
Nature of light
 Particle nature: Alhassan Ibn-alhaytham (965- 1040),
Isaac Newton (1642-1727),
 Wave nature: Kamal-Eldin AL-Faresy (1233-1320), Christian Huygens (1629-
1695), Thomas Yong (1773-1829), James Maxwell (1831-1879).
 Qunatum nature: Albert Einstein (1879-1955). photon energy E = h f
h is Planck’s constant and f is the frequency of light
The speed of light (c ) = wave length (λ) × frequency ( f )

Dual nature of light
Louis De Broglie (1892-1987)
lP=h
λ is the wave length
P is the momentum
P=m 
m is the mass and  is the velocity
Waves
Waves
Mechanical waves Electromagnetic waves

sound waves, waves in water and string visible light, TV signals, X-ray, ..etc.
Propagate only in Propagate in medium

medium and free space
The sinusoidal wave motion
A is the amplitude, v is the velocity , t is the time and x is the

horizontal displacement. The vertical displacement y is defined as
 2 
y ( x, t )  A sin  ( x  vt )
 
The periodic time T = 1/ f
 =l/T
 x t 
y( x , t )  A sin  2 (  )
  T 
If  the angular velocity and k the angular
wave number defined as
ω = 2 /T, k =2  /
then  = ω / k and
y ( x, t )  A sin kx  wt 
The wave function given by this equation assumes that
the vertical position y of an element of the medium is
zero at x =0 0 and t = 0 0. However, we generally
express the wave function in the form
y ( x, t )  A sin kx  wt   
Example
A sinusoidal wave traveling in the positive x

direction has an amplitude of 15.0 cm, a
wavelength of 40.0 cm and a frequency of 8.00
Hz. The vertical position of an element of the
medium at t = 0 and x = 0 is also 15.0 cm.
(A) Find the wave number k, period T, angular
frequency and speed  of the wave.
(B) Determine the phase constant Ф and write a
general expression for the wave function.
Solution
k =2  / = 2  rad /40 cm= 0.157 rad/cm, T=1/f =1/ 8 s-1=0.125 s
ω = 2  f = 2  (8 s-1) = 50.3 rad/s,  =  f =(40 cm)x (8 s-1) = 320 cm/s
Since A = 15.0 cm and y =15.0 cm at x = 0 and t = 0, then
15.0 = (15.0) sin (Ф ) or sin (Ф) = 1 then Ф = 2  rad (or 90°). Hence,
the wave function is of the form y = (15.0 cm) cos (0.157 x - 50.3 t )
The wave equation can be rewritten in the form
y( x , t )  A sin ( kx  t )
The quantity (kx- t) is called the phase angle of the wave motion.
Since the phase is constant, then the phase angle is constant; i.e.
(kx- t) = constant
By differentiation with respect to time we get:
 - k dx/dt = 0
Since the velocity v = dx/dt, then we get
v= /k
This is the phase or wave velocity.
We can get
dy
u   A cos kx  t 
dt
u is the speed of the medium particle.
The acceleration of this particle a is given as
2
d y
a  2   A sin kx  t     y
2 2
dt
The last equation represents the simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.)
where the displacement is proportional to the acceleration
The wave intensity:

The intensity of the wave is defined as the energy transferred by the
wave across the perpendicular unit area per second, expressed in
Joules.
Accordingly, we can represent this quantity by the energy stored in the
cylinder of length equal v and cross section has a unit area, as shown in the
Figure. Then the volume of the cylinder is v. If n is number of particle per
unit volume, then there is nv particles in the cylinder.
v
v
So, the intensity of the wave I is expressed as

I = vnmω2 A2/2 W/m2
So, we get
I =2π2f2 v ρ A2 W/m2
Absorption of the wave intensity
Suppose that I0 is the initial intensity and
I is the intensity at a distance x inside

medium, then an additional distance dx
reduces the intensity by the value dI, so
dI α I dx
I0I
0
I-dI
X dx
dI = - βI dx
The constant β is called the photo-
absorption coefficient of the medium. Since
I= I0 when x =0, then
I x
dI
 I     dx
I0 0
 I  I 0 exp   x 
The differential equation of the wave motion
y( x , t )  A sin ( kx  t )
dy
 k A cos ( kx  t )
dx
2
d y 2
2
 k y
dx
2
d y
2
 y
2
dt
2 2 2 2
d y  d y 2d y
2
 2 2
 v 2
dt k dx dx
If the wave is travelling in the three dimensions
X, Y and Z, then we get
d y 2d y d y d y
2 2 2 2
 v    
dt 2  2 2 2
 dX dY dZ 
2
d y 2 2
2
v  y  0
dt
d y d y d y
2 2 2
  
2
2
 2
 
2 
 dX dY dZ 
This expression applies in general to various types of traveling waves.
For a light wave travelling in empty space we write
2
d y
2
 c 2
 2
y  0
dt
where c is the speed of light in free space (c  3108 m/sec).
The velocity the wave motion in a medium
The velocity v of a propagating wave in medium depends upon

the density ρ and elasticity η of the medium
v   
,Using Dimension Theory

Thank You

Physical Optics & Optical Fibers: Course Code: 271P

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PHYSICAL OPTICS & OPTICAL FIBERS

Course code: 271P

The speed of light (c ) = wave length (λ) × frequency ( f )

Mechanical waves Electromagnetic waves

Propagate only in Propagate in medium

A is the amplitude, v is the velocity , t is the time and x is the

A sinusoidal wave traveling in the positive x

The acceleration of this particle a is given as

The wave intensity:

So, the intensity of the wave I is expressed as

I is the intensity at a distance x inside

The velocity v of a propagating wave in medium depends upon

,Using Dimension Theory

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