Jumping Events

Group IV
Members:
Racquel P. Magbunga
Shammir Gissele M. Mamamuag
Shekina Marcena
Ana Rose Naval
Princess Kaye Nebab
Athletics Jumping Events

High Jump

Long Jump

Triple Jump
High Jump
High Jump

The high jump is a sporting event that takes place in the

competitions of the Olympic program. It is a sport that
belongs to athletics, in which the athlete makes
a jump preceded by a race to reach the height. The
headquarters of the sport includes a semicircular track that
allows an approach race from any angle. Two rigid vertical
supports hold a horizontal light transversal bar in such a
way that it will fall if it is touched by a competitor who tries to
jump over it.

The high jump consists of performing a vertical jump to try

to overcome a bar or ribbon as it is also known, without
knocking it down, which in turn can be placed at different
heights. This jump is done after the athlete has made a run
and an impulse takeoff and is a sport that is usually
practiced by both men and women.
Characteristics
The main characteristics of the high jump are the following:

• The high jump consists of four different moments for its

execution, which include the impulse race, the takeoff, the
flight and the fall.
• The take-off must be performed with only one leg.
• The positions for jumps are known as variants.
• The sport is present within the Olympic Games held in
Greece in 1896.
• Women made their debut in this discipline at the Olympic
Games in Amsterdam in 1928.
• The bar is raised after each jump.
• The bar or ribbon is a stick made of wood or can also be
a metal.
History of high jump
High jump competitions were very popular
in Scotland at the beginning of the 19th
century, although according to historians,
sport has records since 776 BC, and there
is some evidence that it was practiced
in Asia and Egypt. The event was
incorporated into the first modern Olympic
Games in 1896. Of all the field events, the
high jump is probably the one that has
undergone the most radical changes in
technique. The Cretans also practiced big
high jumps and hammer throwing.
Rules
The main rules that must be followed when practicing high
jump are the following:
• An athlete can approach the bar from any angle and can
take off using only one foot.
• Before the competition, the chief judge will announce the
start.
• The bar may never be raised by less than 2 cm or 3 cm
in combined events.
• An athlete can start jumping at any height that has been
previously announced.
• Three consecutive failures regardless of height will
cause the elimination of the athlete.
• A jump is void when the athlete knocks down the bar or
touches the ground beyond the vertical plane of the jump
meter.
• Each athlete has three jump attempts for each height.
• All athletes have a maximum time to perform the jump.
• The athlete who manages to jump the maximum height.
Technique
In the high jump sport, there are two techniques that are
considered the main ones, and these are the Fosbury style
and the ventral roller style:

• Fosbury style: in this technique, the athlete must run

towards the transversal bar, following a curved
trajectory, and when he or she is able to
jump backwards in front of the ribbon, he or she must
place the next extended arm. From a biomechanical
point of view, this technique is considered the most
effective because it allows the jumper to gain more
height.

• Ventral roller: this technique is considered

the simplest to perform. A diagonal should be made on
the side of the beaten leg, the ribbon should be passed
to the front. When the bar is passed on the roller, the beat
leg must be in a flex position to avoid hitting the bar.
Phases of High Jump
The phases of the high jump depend on
the technique being performed and are as follows:

Fosbury style

• Race: The objective is to achieve horizontal speed, to

reach an optimal acceleration in which the jumper can
control in the moment of carrying out the beat,
transforming it into vertical speed.
• Jump: Period of time from the moment the jumping foot
touches the ground to the moment it abandons it
at take-off, at this point it takes advantage of the kinetic
energy gained in the horizontal race, transforming it into
vertical speed.
• Flight: It starts when the impulse foot is removed from
the ground and ends when the head and shoulders are
above the ribbon.
Ventral roller

• Race phase: It is done in an oblique direction to the bar,

approximately between 7 and 9 steps. When the last
three steps are taken, the body’s gravity center is
delayed, slightly flexing the legs to be able to throw the
jumping leg.

• Beat phase: It is done in an explosive way, in the

direction of the bar. At the same time, the arms perform
an upward action, so that, the body can be placed in the
air, parallel to the bar.

• Reception phase: It is carried out when it falls on

the shoulder that is furthest from the bar at the time of
the beat and the athlete ends up rolling on the mattress.
Equipment
The high jump equipment consists of two jumping meters,
the crossbar or ribbon, support plates and the fall mat.

Jumpers are the vertical posts that hold the crossbar or slat.

Their constitution, shape or dimensions are not regulated;
but it is stipulated that they are rigid and have a base that
assures their correct position.

The transversal bar is placed horizontally and indicates

the height to be crossed by the jumper. It may be made
of fiberglass or other suitable material, but never of metal.
Its transversal part is circular except in the ends. It has
a length of between 3.98 m and 4.02 m and a maximum
mass of 2 kg. The parts of the bar that are placed on the
supports must be smooth and cannot be covered by any
type of material.
The support plates are in charge
of supporting the jumpers, they must be flat and
rectangular in shape. Their measures are 40 mm high and
60 mm long. The supports cannot be covered by any type of
material.

The fall zone is a rectangle with a minimum length of 5

meters and a minimum width of 3 meters. It must be
covered by several weather-resistant mattresses and must
be elastic.
Layout

The high jump facility includes a semicircular runway, a take‑­

off area, two uprights with cross bar and a landing area. By
temporarily removing sections of the kerb, it is possible to
use the oval track as part of the runway. For major
championships, the high jump facility must be large enough
so that two high jumps can be conducted simultaneously.

Runway

The semicircular runway, with a radius of at least 20m, will

permit approaches from every direction. If it is necessary to
remove the kerb temporarily in order to be able to use the
oval track as a runway, care must be taken to ensure that the
heights of the surfaces of the oval track and the segment are
the same along the track border.
The runway and take‑­off areas are usually covered with the
same surface as the track.
Uprights

They must be 4.02m ± 0.02m apart.

Landing area
The landing mats measure not less than 6m x 4m and are
covered by a spike proof protective mat. The overall height is
a minimum 0.70m.
Long Jump
Long Jump

The long jump is a track and field event in which athletes

combine speed, strength and agility in an attempt to leap as
far as possible from a take off point. Along with the triple
jump, the two events that measure jumping for distance as a
group are referred to as the "horizontal jumps".

Long jump, also called broad jump, sport in athletics

consisting of a horizontal jump for distance. It was formerly
performed from both standing and running starts, as
separate events, but the standing long jump is no longer
included in major competitions.
How it works

Competitors sprint along a runway and jump as far as

possible into a sandpit from a wooden take-off board. The
distance travelled, from the edge of the board to the closest
indentation in the sand to it, is then measured.

A foul is committed – and the jump is not measured – if an

athlete steps beyond the board.

Most championship competitions involve six jumps per

competitor, although usually a number of them, those with
the shorter marks, are often eliminated after three jumps. If
competitors are tied, the athlete with the next best distance
is declared the winner.
History

This event has a history in the Ancient Olympic Games and

has been a modern Olympic event for men since the first
Olympics in 1896 and for women since 1948.

The long jump is the only known jumping event of Ancient

Greece's original Olympics' pentathlon events. All events
that occurred at the Olympic Games were initially supposed
to act as a form of training for warfare.
Rules

There are three basics rules to long jump.

1. If you plant your foot on the opposite side of the white line
before jumping you will receive no score. This is called a
foul.

2. Your jump will be measured from the furthest back point.

For example, if you jump 15 feet but your hand goes back 2
feet you will be given a 13 foot mark.

3. The person that jumps the furthest wins the competition!

Components

There are five main components of the long jump:

• The approach run

• The last two strides
• Takeoff
• Action in the air
• Landing

Speed in the run-up, or approach, and a high leap off the

board are the fundamentals of success.
The approach run

The approach is a build up run, when the athlete is about

halfway down the runway on approaches longer than six
steps, the jumper should be near their controlled top end
speed. The top end controlled speed is maintained until
takeoff preparation (the last two steps prior to the long
jump takeoff).

The last two strides

The objective of the last two strides is to prepare the body

for takeoff while conserving as much speed as possible. The
penultimate stride is longer than the last stride. The
competitor begins to lower his or her center of gravity to
prepare the body for the vertical impulse.
Takeoff

Generally, a right-handed long jumper takes off with the left

foot. New jumpers may wish to try both to which style works
best. When you hit the takeoff board, your body will actually
be leaning slightly backward, with your foot in front, your hips
slightly behind and your shoulders a bit behind your hips.

There are four main styles of takeoff: the Kick style, Double-
arm style, Sprint takeoff, and the Power sprint or bounding
takeoff.

• Kick: The kick style takeoff is a style of takeoff where the

athlete actively cycles the leg before a full impulse has
been directed into the board then landing into the pit.

• Double-arm: The double-arm style of takeoff works by

moving both arms in a vertical direction as the competitor
takes off. This produces a high hip height and a large
vertical impulse.
• Sprint: The sprint takeoff is the style most widely
instructed by coaching staff. This is a classic single-arm
action that resembles a jumper in full stride. It is an
efficient takeoff style for maintaining velocity through
takeoff.

• Power sprint or bounding: The power sprint or

bounding takeoff is very similar to the sprint style, but
there is one major difference. The arm that pushes back
on takeoff (the arm on the side of the takeoff leg) fully
extends backward, rather than remaining at a bent
position. This additional extension increases the impulse
at takeoff.
Action in the air

Once the body is airborne, there is nothing that the athlete

can do to change his-her direction and consequently where
he-she will land in the pit. However, it can be argued that
certain techniques influence an athlete's landing, which can
have an impact on distance measured.

There are three chief flight techniques for the long jump: the
hang, the sail and the hitch-kick.

• Hang: The hang technique works by lengthening the

body to make it as efficiently long as possible. Here both
the arms and legs are extended to reach a maximum
distance from the hips at the leaping point. This position is
held until after the jumper reaches the apex of the jump,
at which point the athlete will snap the legs forward into a
landing position.
• Sail: The sail technique is one of the most basic long
jump techniques. After the takeoff phase is complete, the
jumper immediately lifts the legs into a toe-touching
position. This allows the body to sail in the air, effectively
accompanying the momentum achieved by the leap.

• Hitch-kick: The hitch-kick is also known as "climbing" or

"running in the air". This technique counteracts the
athletes rotational velocity by cycling the arms and legs
during the flight, and is also the most complex technique.

Landing

After the peak of the jump, the arms sweep forward and

down to the hips. The feet are extended out until
the jumper hits the sand. The knees and hips absorb the
impact of the landing as the body continues to move forward.
Equipment

• Boards in various materials

• Galvanized steel box for jump boards
• Pair of batten axis indicators for long jump in white
painted steel with black bands
• Sand boxes for fingerprint detection in galvanized steel
with handles
• Galvanized steel rakes for sandbox
• Steel trowels.
The long jump facility includes a runway, a take‑­off board
and a landing area. Usually, it is placed outside the track
along one of the straights with two adjacent runways with a
landing area at each end. This allows competition in either
direction by two groups of athletes simultaneously.

Runway
The runway is 40m minimum long, 1.22m ± 0.01m wide and
is measured from the beginning of the runway to the take‑­off
line. It is marked by white lines 0.05m wide or broken lines
0.05m wide, 0.10m long and 0.50m apart. The runway is
usually covered with the same surface as the track.

Take-off board
The take‑­off board is a white rectangle and measures 1.22m
± 0.01m long and 0.20m ± 0.002m wide and not more than
0.10m deep. The surface of the take‑­off board must be flush
with the surface of the runway.
In the case of a runway with a permanent surface, this
requires a built‑­in installation tray made of corrosion
protected metal in which the take‑­off board is correctly
positioned. During sport free periods, the take‑­off board can
be removed. If it has a track surface on its reverse side, it
can be turned over and used as part of the runway. This
makes it possible to combine the long and triple jump with
two or three take‑­off boards (which can be used on both
sides) on a triple jump runway.

Landing area
The landing area is 7‑­9m long depending on the distance
between its nearest end and the take‑­off line. It is 2.75m
wide. Generally, a landing area 8m long placed 2m from the
take‑­off line is recommended. The landing area is placed so
that the middle of the runway coincides with the middle of the
landing area. 

If two landing areas are situated parallel side by side or

staggered, the distance between them is at least 0.30m. 
The landing area has a border not less than 0.05m wide and
0.30m high, rounded off towards the inside (eg wooden
plank or concrete border with soft covering) and level with
the ground.

The landing area has a water permeable substructure or a

suitable drainage system (draining well or canal connection)
and filled with sand to a depth of not less than 0.30m at the
edges and slightly deeper at the centre.

The top edge of the border of the landing area, generally

also dictates the level of the sand, which must be level with
the take‑­off board.
Triple Jump
Triple Jump

The triple jump is an event in the athletics area in which an

athlete performs a horizontal jump incorporating three
distinct and continuous movements: a jump, in which the
athlete takes off and lands on the same foot; a step, landing
on the other foot; and a jump, landing in any way, usually
with both feet together. If an athlete touches land with
the wrong leg, jumping is not allowed.

The triple jump is known as a jump and consists of

a horizontal movement or jump that an athlete performs in
order to take off from the surface and cover a
certain distance.
The Triple Jump consists of three different skills which are
performed at speeds in a continuous action as follows:

• Hop: during the jump the athlete uses the same foot for
takeoff and landing.

• Step: The athlete lands on the opposite foot.

• Jump: The athlete makes a jump from the foot “step”

when landing in the hole.

It consists in the development of a sequence formed by a

first jump on one leg, a second jump repeating the same leg
and a third jump after the change of leg is made. This last
movement is the one that gives the biggest impulse until
arriving at the sand.
Characteristics
The main characteristics of the Triple Jump are as follows:

• It consists mainly of a jump, a step and then a jump.

• The take-off and the fall of the jump is done with the
same leg.
• It consists of an impulse race.
• Athletes can make up to six different attempts.
• It must be accelerated to maintain a constant speed.

Triple jump history

The origins of the triple jump are not known exactly, but it
may be related to the old hopscotch which was a children’s
game. It has been a modern Olympic event since the first
Games in 1896; two jumps were used in those Games, but
one jump was used in the Olympic Games since that time.
Rules
The regulations that athletes must follow to practice triple
jump are the following:

• To validate the jump, the athlete must make the first two

jumps with the same foot and the third with the other
foot.

• The jump with the same foot must be carried out in such
a way that the athlete first falls with the same foot that he
has made his beat; in the second jump, he will contact
the track on the other foot.

• It is not a null jump if the athlete, when jumping, touches

the ground with his “passive” leg.

• Each jumper has 30 minutes to make the jump from the

moment he is called by the judge.
• The measurement of the jump is the distance of
the perpendicular that goes from the last track point to
the limit of the clay with the beat board.

• After the jump, he must go out in front of the moat, and

never behind his jump.

• If there is a tie, it is determined which of the jumpers has

made the second longest jump.

• If there is still a tie, the third jump is considered and so

on.

• Jumpers participating in the mark improvement will jump

in reverse order to the mark reached, i.e. the one with
the best mark will jump last.
Phases
The phases of the triple jump are:

• First jump: a deeper beat is made than a long jump, the

trunk remains in a vertical position, after the leg has
been left behind after the second step that is advanced
looking for landing on the ground.

• Second jump: begins when the foot of the beat leg

comes into contact with the ground, is a stride deep, the
trunk is in an upright position, the leg
free and flexed by the thigh at the height of the hip.

• Third jump: the athlete arrives with less horizontal

speed, so it is a natural jump in extension.
Technique
The technique is very similar to the long jump and
needs speed, rhythm, balance and control. The
race must be progressive with the knees high,
and the upper body vertical. During the race,
several phases are differentiated. The first phase
is the starting reference, then
the progression phase and finally is
the preparation for the beat.

The triple jump has fewer variations in rhythm and

a greater amplitude in the last steps before the
jump which makes it a more homogeneous race.
Triple jump equipment
The equipment needed to perform the triple jump is as
follows:

• Take-off area: can be mat, sand, tape or board.

• One measuring tape (20 meters), 1 racing tape (50
meters).
• Rake to level the sand of the landing area after each test.
• Broom to keep the runway free of sand.
• Bucket / Hose / Shower: to keep the sand moist.
• Manual brush to sweep the launch area after each jump.
• Spike to keep the zero end of the tape at the nearest
edge of the mark made by the athlete on landing.
• Indicator markers that were placed on each side of the
selected launch plate.
• Indicators: red, white, yellow.
• Stopwatch: To measure the time of the athletes.
• Wind indicator: to measure the wind.
With the exception of the placement of the take‑­off board,
the same facilities are used for triple jump as for long jump.
For international competition, it is recommended that the
take‑­off board is not less than 13m for men and 11m for
women from the nearer end of the landing area. For other
competitions, this distance is appropriate for the level of
competition.  
“The only person who can stop
you from reaching your goals is
you.”
— Jackie Joyner-Kersee

Thank you!!!