Describing: Chemical Equilibrium

DESCRIBING
CHEMICAL
EQUILIBRIUM
Presenter
PROFESSOR
RENE PABLO CORPORAL BERNARD BRAULE BRYAN L. LANTIN,
MAED STUDENT
DEL GALLEGO
RN, LPT, MAED
OBJECTIVES:
a.Describe Chemical Equilibrium,
b.Compute for forward and reverse reaction,
c. Recognize the effect of chemical

equilibrium in environment.
Equilibrium - a state in which opposing forces or influences are
balanced.
This is not Equilibrium
Chemical Equilibrium in Nature:
(The formation of stalagmites and Stalactites)
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Condition in the course of a reversible chemical reaction in which no
net change in the amounts of reactants and products occurs.
A reversible chemical reaction is one in which the products, as soon as
they are formed, react to produce the original reactants. At equilibrium, the
two opposing reactions go on at equal rates, or velocities, and hence there is
no net change in the amounts of substances involved.
At this point the reaction may be considered to be completed; i.e., for
some specified reaction condition, the maximum conversion of reactants to
products has been attained.
Chemical equilibrium
is the state reached by a reaction
mixture when the rates of forward
and reverse reactions have become
equal. If you observe the reaction
mixture, you see no net change,
although the forward and reverse
reactions are continuing. The
continuing forward and reverse
reactions make the equilibrium a
dynamic process.
When substances react, they eventually form a mixture of reactants and products in
dynamic equilibrium. < This dynamic equilibrium consists of a forward reaction, in which
substances react to give products, and a reverse reaction, in which products react to give
the original reactants. Both forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, or
speed.
Consider the catalytic methanation. It consists of forward and reverse reactions, as
represented by the chemical equation
Suppose you put 1.000 mol
CO and 3.000 mol H2 into a
10.00-L vessel at 1200 K
(927C). The rate of the
reaction of CO and H2
depends on the
concentrations of CO and
H2. At first these
concentrations are large,
but as the substances react
their concentrations
decrease.
EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
In the preceding example, we found that when 1.000 mol CO and 3.000 mol H2 react
in a 10.00-L vessel by catalytic methanation at 1200 K, they give an equilibrium mixture
containing 0.613 mol CO, 1.839 mol H2, 0.387 mol CH4, and 0.387 mol H2O. Let us call this
Experiment 1. Now consider a similar experiment, Experiment 2, in which you start with an
additional mole of carbon monoxide. That is, you place 2.000 mol CO and 3.000 mol H2 in a
10.00-L vessel at 1200 K. At equilibrium, you find that the vessel contains 1.522 mol CO,
1.566 mol H2, 0.478 mol CH4, and 0.478 mol H2O. What you observe from the results of
Experiments 1 and 2 is that the equilibrium composition depends on the amounts of
starting substances. Nevertheless, you will see that all of the equilibrium compositions for a
reaction at a given temperature are related by a quantity called the equilibrium constant.
Here you denote the molar concentration of a substance by writing its formula in square
brackets. The subscript c on the equilibrium constant means that it is defined in terms of
molar concentrations.
The law of mass action is a
relation that states that the
values of the equilibrium-
constant expression Kc are
constant for a particular
reaction at a given
temperature, whatever
equilibrium concentrations
are substituted.
ACTIVITY 1 1.000 mole of H2 gas and 1.000 mole of I2 vapor are introduced into a 5.00-liter
sealed flask. The mixture is heated to a certain temperature and the following reaction occurs
until equilibrium is established.
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g)
At equilibrium, the mixture is found to contain 1.580 mole of HI. (a) What are the
concentrations of H2, I2 and HI at equilibrium? (b) Calculate the equilibrium constant Kc.
ACTIVITY 2
0.500 mole of HI is introduced into a 1.00 liter sealed flask and heated to a certain
temperature. Under this condition HI decomposes to produce H 2 and I2 until an equilibrium is
established. An analysis of the equilibrium mixture shows that 0.105 mole of HI has decomposed.
Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of H 2, I2 and HI, and the equilibrium constant Kc for the
following reaction:
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g),

Describing: Chemical Equilibrium

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Describing: Chemical Equilibrium

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DESCRIBING

a.Describe Chemical Equilibrium,

b.Compute for forward and reverse reaction,

c. Recognize the effect of chemical

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