Project Based Learning (PBL) Chemistry

PROJECT BASED
LEARNING (PBL)
CHEMISTRY
STUARTT LEE GREGORY 5ST

INTRODUCTION
• ANTHOCYANIN
Anthocyanins are natural chemical compounds with antioxidant properties and produce pigments that give red,
purple, and blue plants, fruits or vegetables their rich colouring. Some examples of fruits, vegetables and plants
that contain anthocyanins are berries, cherries, grapes, plums, purple cabbage, eggplant or aubergine, purple sweet
potato, red onions, pomegranates, butterfly blue-pea flower, red hibiscus, and red rose.
Anthocyanins belong to a parent class of molecules called flavonoids synthesized via the phenylpropanoid
pathway. They occur in all tissues of higher plants, including leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruits.
Anthocyanins are derived from anthocyanidins by adding sugars. They are odorless and moderately astringent.
Anthocyanins are found in the cell vacuole, mostly in flowers and fruits, but also in leaves, stems, and roots. In
these parts, they are found predominantly in outer cell layers such as the epidermis and peripheral mesophyll cells.
In flowers, the coloration that is provided by anthocyanin accumulation may attract a wide variety of animal
pollinators, while in fruits, the same coloration may aid in seed dispersal by attracting herbivorous animals to the
potentially-edible fruits bearing these red, blue, or purple colors. Anthocyanins may have a protective role in
plants against extreme temperatures. Tomato plants protect against cold stress with anthocyanins countering
reactive oxygen species, leading to a lower rate of cell death in leaves. The absorbance pattern responsible for the
red color of anthocyanins may be complementary to that of green chlorophyll in photosynthetically-active tissues
such as young Quercus coccifera leaves. It may protect the leaves from attacks by herbivores that may be attracted
by green color.
• PH SCALE
Anthocyanins may be used as pH indicators because their color changes with pH; they are red or pink in acidic
solutions (pH < 7), purple in neutral solutions (pH ≈ 7), greenish-yellow in alkaline solutions (pH > 7), and colorless
in very alkaline solutions, where the pigment is completely reduced.
• ACID AND ALKALINE SUBSTANCES

An acid is a substance which donates hydrogen ions , while a base or alkali is one which takes up hydrogen ions. All
substances that contain hydrogen are not acidic as the hydrogen must be present in a state that is easily released, unlike in
most organic compounds which bind hydrogen to carbon atoms very tightly. The pH thus helps to quantify the strength of
an acid by showing how many hydrogen ions it releases into solution. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid because the ionic
bond between the hydrogen and the chloride ions is a polar one which is easily dissolved in water, generating many
hydrogen ions and making the solution strongly acidic. This is why it has a very low pH. This kind of dissociation within
water is also very favorable in terms of energetic gain, which is why it happens so easily. Weak acids are compounds
which do donate hydrogen but not very readily, such as some organic acids. Acetic acid, found in vinegar, for instance,
contains a lot of hydrogen but in a carboxylic acid grouping, which holds it in covalent or nonpolar bonds. As a result,
only one of the hydrogens is able to leave the molecule, and even so, there is not much stability gained by donating it.
A base or alkali accepts hydrogen ions, and when added to water, it soaks up the hydrogen ions formed by the dissociation
of water so that the balance shifts in favor of the hydroxyl ion concentration, making the solution alkaline or basic. An
example of a common base is sodium hydroxide, or lye, used in making soap. When an acid and an alkali are present in
exactly equal molar concentrations, the hydrogen and hydroxyl ions react readily with each other, producing a salt and
water, in a reaction called neutralization.
AIM
To study the effect of anthocyanin as a pH indicator on acid and alkaline substances.
HYPOTHESIS
If anthocyanin is used as a pH indicator , then the acidity and alkalinity of a substance can be determined
because various colours will be observed indicating the pH level of the substance due to the number of
hydrogen ions (H+).
MATERIALS NEEDED
Toothpaste Lemon Soap Baking

Cabbage Coffee Vinegar
Water Juice Water Soda
PH SCALE FACTOR
PROCEDURES
Precautions
1. Peel off three or 2. Pour the purplish 3. Separate the six 4. Pour and mix the 5.Record your
four big cabbage cabbage liquid different liquids into cabbage extract with observation.
leaves and put them through a strainer to six separate bottles. the six different
in a blender filled filter out all of the (toothpaste water, products.
one-half full with big chunks of lemon juice, coffee,
water. Blend the cabbage. Save the soap water, baking
mixture on high until liquid for the soda, vinegar)
you have purple experiments to
cabbage juice. follow.
PRECAUTIONS
1. When blending remember to always keep the blender lid close.
2. Handle the indicator with care or wear an apron (lab coat if available) as it could stain your clothing.
3. Do not taste or ingest any of the products after mixing them with the cabbage extract .
OBSERVATION
Picture of the observation
Daily Products Before adding the extract After adding the extract
pH (acid or alkali)
Toothpaste Alkali
water
White/Cloudy Dark purplish blue
Coffee Acid
Brown Reddish brown

pH (acid or alkali)
Lemon Acid
Juice
Colourless Red
Soap Water Alkali
Colourless Bluish green

pH (acid or alkali)
Baking Alkali
Soda
Colourless Dark blue
Vinegar Acid
Colourless Pinkish red

DISCUSSION
1. What is the meaning of acid and alkali.
Acid is a chemical substance which ionizes in water to produce hydrogen ion, H+ while
alkali is a chemical compound which will produce free moving hydrogen ion, OH− when it
dissolves in water.
2. What is the difference between strong alkali and weak alkali.

A strong alkali is an alkali which ionises completely in water to produce a high
concentration of hydroxide ions , OH− . A weak acid is an alkali which ionises partially in
water to produce low concentration of hydroxide ions, OH− .
3. Write an equation to show the ionization of the following acid in water.

a) Hydrochloric acid, HCl
HCl→ H+ + Cl
b) Sulphuric acid, H₂SO₄
H2SO4 → H+ + SO42−
DISCUSSION
4. Besides using the extract of your choice as the acid-base indicator or pH indicator,
suggest 2 more fruits, vegetables or flower extracts that can be used as a
replacement.
Onion and Asian pigeonwings
5. A patient with gastric problem is advised not to drink coffee.

a) Give a suitable reason for this situation
Because of coffee's acidity, it can adversely affect the lining of your stomach and intestines.
Coffee contains many acids, such as chlorogenic acid and N-alkanoyl-5-hydroxytryptamide,
which have been shown to increase stomach acid production.
b) Suggest a suitable medicine for the gastric patient. Justify your answer.
Antacids neutralize existing stomach acid and can provide rapid pain relief.
K-W-L CHART
• Red cabbage has anthocyanins 1. What colour changes can be 1. The acidic substances turned
which are pigments that gives seen when the cabbage extract red/pink when the cabbage
it a rich purple colour. is added? extract was added while
• A pH indicator will change the 2. What makes red cabbage a pH alkaline substances turned
colour of a substance when it indicator? blue/green when the cabbage
reacts with H+ and OH− ions that 3. How long does it take for the extract was added.
are released by a substance that substance to change colour? 2. Anthocyanin which is found
is mixed in water. in the red cabbage is a pH
• Acid and alkaline substances indicator as it is able to
will not show its properties if change its colour when mixed
water is not present. with a substance.
3. The cabbage extract reacts
immediately with the
substance changing its colour
completely.
CONCLUSION
The red cabbage extract is proven to be a pH indicator as there was a change in colour towards the substances. Some
substances such as lemon juice and vinegar turned red/pink when the cabbage extract was added to them showing that
they were acidic substances. Meanwhile, substances such as toothpaste and baking soda turned blue/green when the
cabbage extract was added to them showing that they were alkaline substances. This proves that the red cabbage pH
indicator reacted to the H+ and OH− ions released by acidic and alkaline substances.
LIST OF REFERENCES
• Form 4 Chemistry KSSM textbook
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocyanin
• https://www.compoundchem.com/2017/05/18/red-cabbage/
• https://www.slideshare.net/gabydelag/lab-red-cabbage-juice
• https://www.intechopen.com/books/phenolic-compounds-natural-sources-importance-and-application
s/anthocyanin-pigments-importance-sample-preparation-and-extraction

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Project Based Learning (PBL) Chemistry

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PROJECT BASED

STUARTT LEE GREGORY 5ST

• ACID AND ALKALINE SUBSTANCES

Toothpaste Lemon Soap Baking

Brown Reddish brown

Soap Water Alkali

Colourless Bluish green

Colourless Dark blue

Colourless Pinkish red

2. What is the difference between strong alkali and weak alkali.

3. Write an equation to show the ionization of the following acid in water.

5. A patient with gastric problem is advised not to drink coffee.

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