Colligative Properties

PHYSICAL PHARMACY
Submitted to : Miss Hira ijaz
Submitted by : Muhmmad Yawar saeed
REG # 2020-AG-8908
PHARM D ….. FIRST SEMESTER
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
Colligative properties of solution are properties that depends on concentration of
solute molecules or ions but not upon identity of solute.
OR
Colligative properties are those properties of solution that depend on “ ratio of

number of solute molecules to number of solvent molecules in a solution” ,not on the
nature of chemical species present.
Main Colligative Properties
There are four principal colligative properties:
1.Vapour Pressure Lowering
2.Boiling Point Elevation
3.Freezing Point Depression
4.Osmotic Pressure
On adding solute to solvent :
● VAPOUR PRESSURE (Decreases)
● MELTING POINT (Decreases)
● BOILING POINT (Increases)
● Osmosis (Osmotic Pressure)
These changes are caused due to difference in number of solute particles

dissolved in a given solution ,not by type of solute .
Due to this changes these are called as “Colligative Properties”.

Vapour Pressure Lowering :
Vapour pressure is pressure exerted by vapours over the liquid under the
equilibrium condition at a given temperature in a closed system.
Due to intermolecular attraction between non-volatile solute and solvent ,

the higher concentration of solute makes it difficult for solvent to leave and
form vapours .As a result vapour pressure of solution is lowered as
compared to pure solvent.
Vapour pressure of a solvent (i.e water) is higher than the vapour pressure of solute
+solvent ( aqueous solution) containing a non-volatile solute
This lowering in vapour pressure is explained by “Raoult’s Law”.

RAOULT’S LAW
Raoult’s law states that vapour pressure of a solvent “ ” above a solution is equal to
vapour pressure of pure solvent at same temperature multiplied by mole fraction “X”
of solvent present “ “ .
=Vapor pressure of solution =Mole fraction of solvent
=Vapor pressure of pure solvent = Mole fraction of solute
Relative vapor pressure lowering is equal to the mole fraction of the solute
Example
The vapour pressure of dilute aqueous solution of glucose is 750 mm of Hg at 373K. Calculate mole fraction of
solute?
(Vapour pressure of pure water at 373 K= 760mm.)
Solution:
p =760 mm
ps =750 mm
( p-ps) / p = mole fraction of solute (Xb)
760-750/750 =
= 10/750
= 0.013 Ans
APPLICATION OF VAPOUR PRESSURE IN
DAILY LIFE
Adding solute lowers the vapour pressure during cooking purposes.
BOILING POINT ELEVATION
Boiling point is the temperature at which vapour pressure of a liquid becomes equal
to externa; atmospheric pressure (760mm Hg) .
When we add solute i.e sugar vapour pressure of solvent decreases at a constant
temperature.
This means solution (sugar + water) boils at higher temperature (102.8°C) than
temperature at which solvent ( water ) boils(100.0°C).
This rise due to addition of solute molecules is called as boiling point elevation.
This elevation in boiling point is due to non-volatile solute and solvent
interactions.
Due to vapour pressure lowering ,a

solution will require high temperature to
reach at a point when it’s vapour pressure
becomes equal to external atmospheric
pressure i.e BOILING POINT. as
compared to pure solvent.
This elevation in boiling point depends

upon no of solute particles not type of
particles.
The relationship between boiling point

elevation and solute particles is :
Where
=
is the molal boiling point elevation constant and is for the solvent.
m is the molality of particles from the solute (because it is temperature

independent).
APPLICATIONS OF BOILING POINT
ELEVATION
1.Coolant - Protects Car’s Radiator from overheating.
2.Cooking - adding salts etc rises boiling point .

Example ( use of equation)
What is the boiling point elevation when 147 g of lactic acid (C 6H10O5) is dissolved in 647 g of
cyclohexane (C6H12)? The boiling point constant for cyclohexane is 2.79 °C/m.
Solution:
1) Determine the molality of the lactic acid solution:
m= (147 g / 162.14 g/mol) / 0.647 kg = 1.40127 m
2) We utilize this formula:
Δt = Kb m
∆t= (2.79 °C kg mol¯1) (1.40127 mol/kg)
∆t= 3.91 °C
FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION
Temperature at which liquid undergoes a phase change from

liquid to solid is called ad freezing point .
When solutes molecules are added to solvent it disrupts formation

of crystal of solvent .this disruption results in depression in
freezing point for solution relative to pure solvent.
This lowering is due to addition of solute and is directly related

molality of solute.
Depression in freezing point can be calculated by :
where ,
is the freezing point depression,
is the freezing point of the solution,
is the freezing point of the solvent,
is the freezing point depression constant, and m is the molality

APPLICATION OF FREEZING POINT
DEPRESSION IN DAILY LIFE :
1.Anti-freezing agent : Protects radiators of cars from freezing
2. Road salting : Lowering the freezing point allows the street ice to melt at lower temperatures.
Example ( use of equation )
What is the freezing point depression when 62.2 g of toluene (C7H8) is dissolved in 481 g of naphthalene?
The freezing point constant for naphthalene is 7.00 °C/m.
Solution:
m= 62.2 g / 92.1402 g/mol = 0.675058 mol

= Kf m
= (7.00 °C kg mol¯1) (0.675058 mol / 0.481 kg)
= 9.82 °C
that's not the new freezing point, that's the amount the freezing point is depressed
“BOILING POINT ELEVATION” and “ FREEZING POINT

DEPRESSION” are inversly related.
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
Osmosis is a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a
semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated
one.
Only solvent molecules are able to pass through the membrane solute molecules
cannot pass across through it.
Osmotic pressure is pressure required to stop osmosis.
OR
the pressure that would have to be applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from
passing into a given solution by osmosis.
Factors affecting osmotic pressure
1.Solute concentration :
The osmotic pressure of a dilute solution at constant temperature is directly proportional to its concentration.
2.Temperature :
The osmotic pressure of a solution is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.

Van’t Hoff and Morse equations for osmotic pressure is :
C is molarity
Osmotic pressure is pressure required to stop osmosis.
Osmosis and Blood cells
Osmotic pressure is important factor affecting cells.
● Hypertonicity is the presence of a solution that causes cells to shrink.

● Hypotonicity is the presence of a solution that causes cells to swell.
● Isotonicity is the presence of a solution that produces no change in cell volume
Example ( use of equation )
The osmotic pressure of a potassium chloride solution (at 300K) is 50 atmospheres.
What is the molar concentration of potassium chloride in this solution?
Rearranging the osmotic pressure equation, the following equation can be obtained:
π = iCRT ; C = π/(iRT)
Here, the value of i is 2 (since KCl dissociates into two ions). Therefore, the molarity of KCl
is:
C = (50 atm)/(2)*(0.0821 atm.L.mol-1.K-1)*(300K)
C = 50/49.26 M = 1.015 M
Therefore, the molar concentration of potassium chloride in the solution is 1.015 M.
Sources :
1. Martin’s Physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences by
Patrick J Sinko, PhD Rph

2. Slides by Miss hira ijaz
3. https://chem.libretexts.org
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/
THANK YOU!

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PHYSICAL PHARMACY

Submitted to : Miss Hira ijaz

Submitted by : Muhmmad Yawar saeed

PHARM D ….. FIRST SEMESTER

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD

Colligative properties are those properties of solution that depend on “ ratio of

1.Vapour Pressure Lowering

2.Boiling Point Elevation

3.Freezing Point Depression

These changes are caused due to difference in number of solute particles

Due to this changes these are called as “Colligative Properties”.

Due to intermolecular attraction between non-volatile solute and solvent ,

This lowering in vapour pressure is explained by “Raoult’s Law”.

=Vapor pressure of solution =Mole fraction of solvent

=Vapor pressure of pure solvent = Mole fraction of solute

(Vapour pressure of pure water at 373 K= 760mm.)

( p-ps) / p = mole fraction of solute (Xb)

Due to vapour pressure lowering ,a

This elevation in boiling point depends

The relationship between boiling point

m is the molality of particles from the solute (because it is temperature

2.Cooking - adding salts etc rises boiling point .

1) Determine the molality of the lactic acid solution:

m= (147 g / 162.14 g/mol) / 0.647 kg = 1.40127 m

2) We utilize this formula:

∆t= (2.79 °C kg mol¯1) (1.40127 mol/kg)

Temperature at which liquid undergoes a phase change from

When solutes molecules are added to solvent it disrupts formation

This lowering is due to addition of solute and is directly related

is the freezing point of the solution,

is the freezing point of the solvent,

is the freezing point depression constant, and m is the molality

m= 62.2 g / 92.1402 g/mol = 0.675058 mol

= (7.00 °C kg mol¯1) (0.675058 mol / 0.481 kg)

“BOILING POINT ELEVATION” and “ FREEZING POINT

Osmotic pressure is pressure required to stop osmosis.

The osmotic pressure of a solution is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.

● Hypertonicity is the presence of a solution that causes cells to shrink.

Patrick J Sinko, PhD Rph

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